Nasal Steroids, Irrigation, Oral Antibiotics, and Subgroup Targeting for Effective Management of Acute Sinusitis

One in seven adults are diagnosed with acute sinus infections (also known as rhinosinusitis or ARS) every year in the United States, for an annual total of 30 million office visits. The majority of physician-diagnosed, acute sinus infections in outpatient setting are caused by viral infection, but antibiotics are prescribed in over 70% of these visits--without significant benefits to patients compared to placebo. Most ARS cases resolve without antibiotics; however, some patients do benefit from antibiotics. Previous research suggests that individuals with an elevated c-reactive protein level, double-sickening (worsening of sinus symptoms after initial improvement), or evidence of purulence on clinical examination, are more likely to respond to antibiotic treatment. The overarching goal of this study is to improve outcomes for patients with ARS by better understanding which groups of patients are most likely to benefit from antibiotics, supportive care, watchful waiting, intranasal corticosteroids (INCS), or a combination of treatments. To assess the comparative effectiveness of the treatments, a large, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial, will be conducted in primary and urgent care clinics within six geographical areas. This trial will enroll adults 18-75 years of age who present to a clinician with symptoms consistent with ARS. Patients participating in this study will enter one of two phases. Phase 1 is a pre-randomization, waiting period of 9 or more days, with options for supportive care. Participants who do not improve by the end of 9 days, had symptoms for more than 9 days at enrollment, or have experienced double-sickening, will proceed to Phase 2 and be randomly assigned to one of the four intervention arms. Sixty percent of the 3,720 enrolled are estimated to participate in Phase 2, resulting in a sample size of 1,860 randomized after attrition. During Phase 1 (up to 9 days) and Phase 2 (14 days), all participants complete a two-minute daily diary and periodic follow-ups about their symptoms.