Nicotine remains a major cause of health problems in the US and around the world. Insight into the behavioral changes induced by nicotine use may help advance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of nicotine addiction and thus the important factors involved in the quitting process. Pavlovian bias is a phenomenon that includes an approach tendency toward rewarding cues and a tendency to withdraw from action in response to punishments. This phenomenon may be particularly relevant in the context of addiction and impulsive behavior patterns. The current project proposes to examine Pavlovian bias in the context of nicotine use. Specifically, the study aims to explore whether acute nicotine administration affects Pavlovian bias among nicotine users.
Previous studies suggest that Pavlovian bias is a universal phenomenon, but that some individuals are better at overcoming it. Nicotine has been shown to make individuals more sensitive to cues that predict loss and reward. Therefore, it is hypothesized that nicotine will increase individuals' existing Pavlovian bias levels.
Moreover, understanding whether nicotine indeed does impact Pavlovian bias may provide insight into ways in which this bias affects nicotine addiction. For example, nicotine use commonly coexists with other substance use behaviors. If nicotine acutely increases Pavlovian bias, this mechanism could partially explain the general increase of impulsive behaviors among nicotine users.
Purpose/Objectives/Aims/Research Questions The primary aim is to explore the effects of acute nicotine administration on Pavlovian bias. After showing eligibility to take part in the study, participants will come to the lab twice, each after a (self-reported) 10-hour abstinence from nicotine. After completing assessments of nicotine withdrawal and nicotine tolerance, participants will complete a standardized vaping bout, either with a vape with nicotine ("on-nicotine") or a denicotinized one ("off-nicotine"). Although the exact dose of inhaled nicotine depends on the particular puff topography of participants, the standardized vape protocol is designed to deliver approximately 2mg of nicotine. Participants will be encouraged to stop if they feel they are on the verge of having any negative nicotine response (e.g., feeling some nausea). Pavlovian bias will then be assessed via performance on a version of the Go/No-Go task. Specifically, the investigators will record participants' response accuracy on each of the four trials: go-to-win-reward, no-go-to-win-reward, go-to-avoid-losing, and no-go-to-avoid-losing. Finally, participants will complete a measure of their working memory capacity. The researchers will compare performance on the task across the two conditions within each participant: on- and off- nicotine, after controlling for nicotine withdrawal and nicotine tolerance. The investigators will also conduct exploratory analyses to determine whether participants' working memory capacity is affected by the different nicotine conditions.
Aim: Examine the effects of acute nicotine administration on Pavlovian bias. The investigators will explore the effects of acute nicotine on "go-bias" and "no-go bias." They anticipate that some level of Pavlovian bias will be observed across both sessions, on- and off- nicotine. Two patterns are expected to arise: a higher likelihood of making a go-response in the "win reward" condition and a higher likelihood of making a no-go response in the "avoid losing" condition, regardless of whether it is a "go" or "no-go" trial. However, after acute nicotine administration, participants will exhibit higher levels of Pavlovian bias, compared to the off-nicotine condition.
Understanding whether nicotine indeed does impact Pavlovian bias may provide insight into ways in which this bias affects nicotine addiction.
