Background of the study:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death globally according to the WHO. The highest burden of disease among CVDs is caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). Ageing predisposes patients to a high incidence and prevalence of CAD, in both men and women. Older patients have the greatest mortality and morbidity risk attributable to Chronic Coronary Syndromes (CCS), partially due to the high prevalence of comorbidities. Secondary prevention through comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has been recognized as the most cost-effective intervention to limit the physiological and psychological effects of CVDs and reduce the risk of future cardiovascular events.
Contrary to pharmacological or invasive interventions for CAD, CR is far from being well implemented in all European countries and participation rates in available programs range between 30-50% of eligible patients. The TIMELY platform has been developed to stimulate a healthy lifestyle after CR. Patient-related barriers for digital health mainly involve the usability of the CR platform, especially for older patients. Thus, TIMELY includes digital tools and interfaces that will not hinder senior citizens from using them, as patient co-design has guided the development. Since lifestyle changes are key in the prevention and self-management of CAD, the main component of the TIMELY platform will be an app built on behavioral change techniques and models to empower and motivate patients to adopt a healthy lifestyle. Artificial intelligence (AI) will be employed to adapt the platform to the most current needs of the patient. In addition to prevention and self-management, the TIMELY platform will constantly monitor and predict the individual risk for disease progression or serious events and complications using validated risk scores (CoroPredict®). TIMELY will become the first AI-powered, patient-centered eHealth platform that continuously adapts and customizes CR to meet the needs of patients.
Objective of the study:
1\. To investigate whether the TIMELY intervention is superior to usual care in terms of A) reducing the CoroPredict risk score (indicating risk of 10-year mortality: primary biomedical outcome) from baseline to six months; and B) increasing functional fitness levels (6-minute walk test); primary behavioral outcome) from baseline to 6 months
Study design:
A randomized controlled trial study design will be employed, where patients will be randomized (1:1) to either the control group receiving usual care or the intervention group, where patients will receive usual care in combination with the TIMELY intervention.
Assessment will take place at 4 time points: baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months post inclusion.
Patients will be asked to fill out questionnaires at 4 timepoints: baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. Through the TIMELY-platform (app) patients in the intervention group will receive prompts to conduct and ECG and blood pressure measurement. Patient in the intervention group will be wearing a Garmin, which collects information about their physical activity patterns. Lastly, patients will receive physical assessments at three time points (baseline, 6 months and 12 months), namely an exercise test and bloodwork will be done.
Study population:
Patients with documented CAD and who have been referred to cardiac rehabilitation (at \> 2 weeks but \< 10 weeks after PCI or \> 4 weeks but \<12 weeks after CABG or MI: STEMI or non-STEMI), and/or have documented CAD by coronary angiography (stenosis in a major coronary artery \> 50%) will be included. Recruitment will set special focus on women, recruiting racial/ethnic minorities, older adults, rural residents, and economically disadvantaged individuals.
Intervention:
1. Timely app:
The TIMELY app will help patients adjust their lifestyle in order for them to become healthier. The TIMELY app is supported by artificial intelligence and is based on behavioral change techniques. Through the chatbots the messages aimed at changing the behavior of patients will be personalized. Specific attention will be given to promoting physical activity. Because the chatbots can take the (physical) context of the patient into account, the odds of success are higher.
2. Wrist-worn activity tracker:
Patients will receive an activity tracker, which will collect physical measures, such as level of activity, heart rate and sleep.
3. Tel-O-Graph:
Patients will receive a blood pressure monitor, the Tel-O-Graph. The device additionally measures other hemodynamic parameters through pulse wave analysis (PWA).
4. Net\_ECG:
Patients will receive an easy-to-use device capable of registering atrial fibrillation.
5. eConnect HUB: Patients will receive the eConnect HUB which will transfer all data from the Tel-O-Graph to the researchers.
Patients will complete questionnaires at 4 timepoints: baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. In addition, patients will have conversations with the chatbots in the app and, based on this, receive encouragement to perform certain behaviors (e.g., exercise more or eat healthier). Through the TIMELY platform (app), patients will receive messages to take their ECG and blood pressure readings. Furthermore, patients will wear a Garmin, which will collect information about their exercise behavior. Finally, at the three measurement moments, patients will receive an exercise test. Blood will also be drawn at these times.
