Effect of Abdominal Massage on Prevention of Recurrent Common Bile Duct Stones After Endoscopic Sphincterotomy

Exclusion Criteria

• •Incomplete clearance of recurrent common bile duct stones;
• •Anatomical changes (such as Billroth I/II, Roux-en-Y);
• •Contraindications to abdominal massage (such as abdominal surgery, active gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, acute abdomen, etc.);
• •Expected lifespan of less than two years;
• •Unstable hemodynamics;
• •Malignant arrhythmia;
• •Pregnancy or lactation;
• •Unwillingness or inability to sign an informed consent form.