Ureteroscopic Laser Modality on Total Lasing Time and Total Energy in Patients With Large, Dense Renal Calculi

Exclusion Criteria

• •Those with a stone burden less than 10mm or more than 20mm.
• •Those with an average stone density below 1000 Hounsfield units.
• •Patients who are dependent on mandatory anticoagulation therapies and cannot stop for surgery
• •Patients that cannot undergo ureteral access sheath placement
• •Patients with abnormal anatomy such as horseshoe kidney
• •Patients with a history of:
• •* Ipsilateral upper urinary tract reconstructive procedures on the side of the renal calculi
• •* Ipsilateral ureteral strictures
• •* Prior radiotherapy of the abdomen or pelvis
• •* Neurogenic bladder
• •* Spinal cord injuries
• •* Those who are pregnant
• •* Currently being treated for infection or cancer