Effect of Tobacco Heating System (THS) on Closed Lower Limb Fracture Healing

Exclusion Criteria

• •Legal guardian or loss of capacity to consent.
• •Refusal to participate in the study.
• •Open fractures or concomitant injuries or complications requiring surgery existing at the time of surgical indication.
• •Initial surgical treatment of the fracture has occurred ex domo.
• •No initial surgical treatment within 14 days of sustained trauma.
• •Using nicotine delivery electronic devices.
• •Pre-existing autoimmune, immunological, bone or malignant diseases.
• •Pregnant, breastfeeding and women of childbearing age with existing desire to have children.
• •History of alcohol abuse or drug abuse.
• •Taking antioxidants approval by the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM).
• •Taking drugs with known effect on bone metabolism (according to Institute for medical and pharmaceutical examination issues (IMPP): allosteric CaSR modulators, bisphosphonates, calcium release inhibitors, alkaline earth ions, RANKL inhibitors, calcitriol, colecalciferol).