PE-1 in the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency

Inclusion Criteria

• •\- 【patients with clinical diagnosed PEI】
• •1. Inpatients or outpatients of both sexes, aged 18 to 80 years.
• •2. Patients with pancreatic disease or after pancreatic or gastric resection (one of the following)
• •1. Chronic pancreatitis.
• •2. At least 3 months after pancreatectomy (surgical procedures included total pancreatectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy, pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, and distal pancreatectomy).
• •3. Patients recovering from severe acute pancreatitis (duration less than 24 months).
• •4. More than 3 months after gastrectomy (surgical methods included total gastrectomy, proximal gastrectomy, and distal gastrectomy).
• •3. Enrolled patients had at least one of the following symptoms (except those after pancreatectomy)
• •1. abdominal distension.
• •2. Weight loss (weight loss is defined as loss of more than 5% of basal body weight in one year).
• •3. steatorrhea.
• •4. Agreed to participate in the study and signed an informed consent form.
• •【patients without clinical diagnosed PEI】
• •1. Both male and female, aged between 18 and 80 years old.
• •2. Patients who met one of the following criteria were included in the study:
• •1. Patients with functional gastrointestinal diseases who had no history of pancreatectomy, gastrectomy, or abdominal radiotherapy were included.
• •2. Healthy volunteers.
• •3. Patients with benign hepatobiliary diseases, thyroid, breast diseases, and digestive tract diseases who had no history of pancreatectomy, gastrectomy, or abdominal radiotherapy were included.
• •3. Agreed to participate in the study and signed an informed consent form.