Functional Lung Avoidance Radiation Therapy Using Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 MRI

Customized 3D planning of radiation therapy for lung cancer delivers a lethal dose to the tumor region while avoiding important structures (spine) and organs (esophagus, heart, lungs). Since radiation dose to functioning lung is associated with acute radiation pneumonitis and chronic radiation fibrosis, researchers seek to shift dosage preferentially away from lung regions with highest function. Several lung functional imaging modalities have been investigated (ventilation-perfusion SPECT and PET, 4DCT, hyperpolarized 3He). These studies indicate that regional ventilation is not the optimal biomarker. What is needed is a high-resolution imaging modality, tolerable to patients who have difficulty holding their breath, that delineates regions of full lung function warranting preservation, and also identifies regions whose function is irrevocably gone. The investigators propose a translational study applying Hyperpolarized Xenon (HXe) MRI to improve lung-health outcomes for lung cancer patients treated with radiation therapy. This study will focus on a patient cohort with significant heterogeneity: new patients with lung cancer and GOLD stage 3+ emphysema as a comorbidity and patients receiving RT for their second (primary) lung cancer. Optimizing radiation therapy treatment plans could provide a statistically significant benefit within a manageably small patient cohort. Maps will delineate three regions of functionality: regions of full function, having both ventilation and gas exchange to blood (where radiation should be reduced), regions where function is irrevocably absent (where radiation dose can be increased), and regions where function may be present or recoverable (where radiation should remain at the normal dose limit). In the first year the investigators will conduct an open-label Phase 1 clinical trial to optimize the hardware and functional imaging protocols, as well as generate and perform targeted RT treatment in a limited number of patients, with safety as the primary endpoint.