Age

18–any

Sex

ALL

Healthy volunteers

Not accepted

Age ≥ 18 years;
COPD: mild-to-severe airflow obstruction (forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity ratio \<0.70; post-bronchodilator FEV1 \> 30% predicted);
HF: reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (\<50%, for COPD-HF patients only);
HF: New York Heart Association Functional Classification I to III (for COPD-HF patients only);
Clinical stability for both diseases (COPD and/or HF) and no recent (within 3 months) exacerbation requiring a change in medications;
Patient benefiting from health care coverage;
Patient able to provide written informed consent.

Inability to perform cycle ergometry;
Medical device incompatible with magnetic stimulation;
Counter-indication to perform exercise test;
Patient refusing to sign written informed consent;
Patient not benefiting from health care coverage;
Patient exceeding the annual ceiling of authorized compensation received following participation to a clinical trial;
Patient deprived of freedom by judicial or administrative decision;
Patient subject to a measure of legal protection (safeguard of justice, guardianship, curatorship), who cannot be included in clinical trials;
Pregnant or nursing woman.

Neuromuscular Fatigue During Exercise in COPD-HF Overlap