Open Study of the Neurobiological Effects of Intranasal Ketamine in Children and Adults With Bipolar Disorder

Clinically, the Fear of Harm phenotype is characterized by early age of onset, severe mood swings, treatment resistance, separation anxiety, fearful-aggressive obsessions, parasomnias (e.g. night-terrors) and thermal dysregulation (Papolos et al. 2009). These youth typically received little benefit from standard treatments (i.e., antipsychotic medication and mood stabilizers) often wind up home-schooled due to excessive fears of the school environment and frequently require multiple periods of inpatient care (Papolos et al. 2009; Papolos et al. 2013). Key features seen in FOH that distinguish these youths from other youths with BD include fear sensitization and thermal dysregulation. Children with FOH often experience thermal discomfort (e.g., feeling hot, excessive sweating) in neutral ambient temperature conditions, as well as no discomfort during exposure to the cold, and alternate noticeably between being excessively hot in the evening and cold in the morning (Murphy, Frei, and Papolos 2014). Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist was selected as a potential treatment for FOH because of its effectiveness in the reduction of fear sensitization and capacity to dose-dependently lower body temperature in animal studies, and has been found to be clinically efficacious in the treatment of FOH (Papolos et al. 2018; Papolos et al. 2013). There are two main reasons for proposing to conduct a neuroimaging study. First, intranasal ketamine can produce an almost immediate improvement in clinical state. This makes it possible to scan a subject whose dose of ketamine has largely worn off in order to assess blood flow and functional connectivity and then to rescan the individual within hours of receiving intranasal ketamine in order to correlate degree of clinical improvement with alterations in blood flow and connectivity. This will provide information on both the neurobiological basis of ketamine response and information on the possible biological underpinnings of FOH. Second, there is some concern, based on a report of examining brain scans in chronic ketamine abusers, that ketamine in daily doses 10X higher than clinically prescribed every 3-4 days can produce some evidence for structural brain damage4. Hence, it would be valuable to scan individuals undergoing long term treatment with intranasal ketamine to rule out or monitor for pathological changes in brain structure.