Effect of Probiotics on Primary Hypertension

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Antibiotics or probiotics usage within the last 2 weeks.
• •2. Participants of other clinical trials currently or within last 3 months.
• •3. Antihypertensive medications usage currently or within last 2 weeks.
• •4. Diagnosed secondary hypertension
• •5. History of diabetes mellitus.
• •6. History of peripheral atherosclerosis.
• •7. Severe hepatic or renal diseases (ALT \>3 times the upper limit of normal value, or end-stage renal disease on dialysis or eGFR \<30 mL/min/1.73 m2, or serum creatinine \>2.5 mg/dl \[\>221 μmol/L\]).
• •8. History of stroke (not including lacunar infarction and transient ischemic attack \[TIA\]).
• •9. History of coronary heart disease.
• •10. Sustained atrial fibrillation or arrhythmias at recruitment disturbing the electronic BP measurement.
• •11. NYHA class III-IV heart failure; Hospitalization for chronic heart failure exacerbation within last 6 months.
• •12. Severe valvular diseases; Potential for surgery or percutaneous valve replacement within the study period.
• •13. Dilated cardiomyopathy; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Rheumatic heart disease; Congenital heart disease.
• •14. Other severe diseases influencing the entry or survival of participants, such as malignant tumor or acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
• •15. Cognitive impairment or severe neuropsychiatric comorbidities who are incapable of providing their own informed consent.
• •16. Participants preparing for or under pregnancy and/or lactation.
• •17. With special diet habits, such as vegetarians.
• •18. Active gastritis or enteritis; gastrointestinal ulcers or bleeding; post-gastrointestinal surgery, such as intestinal excision.
• •19. Other conditions inappropriate for recruitment according to the investigators.