Myofascial pain syndrome is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders seen in the aging US population. Its characterized by myofascial trigger points (MTPs) which were defined as hyperirritable nodules in a taut band of skeletal muscle, associated with pain on manual stretching, contraction, or stimulation of the muscle. Trigger points are further classified into active and latent based on their clinical features. Active MTPs are characterized by spontaneous pain at rest with referred pain on palpation whereas latent MTPs produce pain on palpation in addition to restriction of range of motion.
Currently, there are a variety of treatment options for MTPs including lidocaine injections, dry needling, osteopathic manipulative treatment, massage therapy, ultrasound therapy etc. There has been a lot of research investigating the safety and efficacy of dry needling and lidocaine trigger point injection techniques in treating MTPs. It was found that dry needling and lidocaine injections were both equally effective in reducing symptoms associated with MTPs as it was the mechanical disruption of the taut fibers due to the needle effect and the depth of adequate penetration that resulted in pain reduction more than the substance actually delivered into the muscle. Some authors also suggested the importance of a local twitch response (LTR); which is an observable contraction of the taut part of muscle band upon stimulation, during dry needling technique as being pertinent for maximum effectiveness. However, a recent systemic review found that LTR during dry needling treatment was unnecessary and not required for management of myofascial pain syndrome.
On the other hand, there has been fewer research investigating the effects of manual treatment on trigger points. Reasearchers had initially treated trigger points with ischemic compression but later changed their recommendation to applying gentle digital pressure to trigger points. A recent study done on traction-compression-stretch technique (TTCE) compared with ischemic compression showed some, albeit minor, increased outcome measures (pain pressure threshold) warranting clinical investigation. Another study compared active release and muscle energy techniques in treating latent trigger points of the upper trapezius and found that both techniques were equally effective in increasing cervical range of motion and decreasing pain and upper trapezius thickness. Other studies have also shown interest in similar osteopathic manipulative techniques such as counterstrain, myofascial release, facilitated positional release and high velocity-low amplitude thrust techniques in treating trigger points.
Studies have showed that the upper trapezius is one of the most common muscles affected by myofascial pain syndrome leading to referred pain manifesting as headaches and stiff neck.
Currently, there is no consensus as to which treatment method is superior, with the decision to treat in a certain way largely based upon the training received by the individual physician rather than the characteristics of the trigger point itself. There are no studies to date evaluating the efficacy of the various treatment options specifically osteopathic manipulative treatment vs. trigger point injections. Thus, the intention of the present study is to determine the efficacy rates of muscle energy techniques vs. lidocaine injections in treating MTPs in the upper trapezius region.
