The Risks of Percutaneous Native Kidney Biopsy in Italy: a Prospective Cohort Study

Kidney biopsies performed in 54 italian nephrology centres from 2012 to 2020 were included. Primary outcome of the study was any major complication, such as haemoglobin decrease more than 2 g/dL, macroematuria, gross ematoma, blood transfusion, artero-venous fistula, invasive intervention, pain, symptomatic hypotension, and/or rapid serum creatinine increase. Centre and individual patient risk predictors were analysed using multivariate logistic regression analysis.