currently adjusting oral pain medications for their PLP;

has pain, but not PLP (e.g., from inflammation at the incision wound of the residual limb);

has a pacemaker, or other metal and/or implanted devices;

has cognitive impairment from brain injury or are not able to follow commands, or to give consent;

has amputation in multiple limbs;

have asthma or other pulmonary diseases;

are not medically stable;

have preexisting psychiatric disorders;

alcohol or drug abuse;

have a history of seizures/Epilepsy, or taking benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, and antidepressants.

A Non-invasive Intervention (BreEStim) for Management of Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) After Limb Amputation (Experiment 1)