Antibiotics for Severe Perineal Laceration to Prevent Infection Following Repair

Approximately 3,000,000 women have vaginal deliveries each year in the United States. Five percent, (i.e., 150,000) of these women will experience an obstetrical anal sphincter injury (OASIS). OASIS is associated with chronic pain and sexual dysfunction. Moreover, 25% of women with OASIS will suffer from chronic accidental bowel leakage. In other words, one new woman every 14 minutes experiences an injury that leads to uncontrollable leakage of stool and gas. This woman is not only a new mother, but she may also be a teacher, a construction worker, a nurse, a doctor, or an executive who will have to deal with this devastating and embarrassing condition for the rest of her life. At age 45, women suffer from accidental bowel leakage at a rate that is eight times higher than that of men of the same age (1). It is likely that accidental bowel leakage is related not only to the structural disruptions that occur with OASIS, but also from complications, such as infection and poor wound healing. Women who suffer OASIS are at high risk for infection and poor healing; this is not surprising given that these lacerations are repaired and then continue to heal in a contaminated field (near stool). Poor healing and infection in the setting of OASIS make accidental bowel leakage, chronic pain, and sexual dysfunction even more likely (2-6). Unfortunately, even those infections that are recognized early and treated can still cause accidental bowel leakage decades after childbirth (7-9). Despite the many women affected by OASIS and its debilitating ramifications through the arc of a woman's life, there is a lack of evidence-based best practice to guide treatment and follow-up when it does occur. Even though infection and poor healing compromise outcomes, there are limited data regarding best practice to prevent of these complications. The use of antibiotics at the time of OASIS repair has become common based on our division's previous studies (15-18). However, no studies have been done to determine whether oral antibiotics immediately postpartum can further decrease the incidence of short and long-term complications. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends the use of antibiotics after OASIS repair (10), however, the basis of this recommendation is founded only on expert opinion. On the other hand, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists provides no recommendation with regard to whether antibiotics should be used in the postpartum time. At our institution, almost all women who sustain OASIS during vaginal delivery receive a single dose of IV antibiotics based on our previously published work at Prentice, however, that while many physicians chose to administer oral antibiotics based on expert opinions, it is unknown whether these provide any specific benefit - again as many physicians chose to administer antibiotics regardless of the evidence to date. Standard care postpartum both nationally and internationally is highly varied and likely based on physician training and preference (11). Therefore, there is a great need for a trial to determine whether the use of supplemental antibiotics for 5 days postpartum will decrease rates of perineal wound infection and breakdown and improve maternal health outcomes. Such a trial will guide best practice, enhance the care of women, and potentially reduce the debilitating consequences of OASIS.