African American women suffer significantly higher rates of hypertension than non-Hispanic white women. Forty-six to fifty percent of African American women have hypertension, compared with 31 percent of White women making it a major contributor to disparities in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this population from higher rates of complications, i.e., ischemic heart disease, stroke, and end-stage renal disease. Despite these statistics, African American women are less often aware of their diagnosis, less likely to have their blood pressure controlled, and less likely to be treated. From a societal perspective, high blood pressure was estimated to cost the United States approximately $93.5 billion in health care services, medications, and missed work days in 2010.
Public and private health plans, employers, and health care providers are seeking cost-effective approaches to preventing and improving management of uncontrolled hypertension (140/90 and above). Prime Time Sister Circles® (PTSC) empowers women to proactively manage their health by promoting the effective use of preventive health care; providing screening and monitoring of blood pressure and weight, and teaching strategies for managing stress, increasing physical activity, and improving nutrition. The 13-week community-based, holistic lifestyle intervention aims to improve blood pressure control and reduce health care costs through prevention, earlier detection, and improved management of hypertension through a culturally tailored program addressing specific risk factors and barriers experienced by mid to late life African American women.
The primary objective of this research project is to determine the impact and cost-effectiveness of the PTSC intervention among low-income African American women with uncontrolled hypertension. This 5-year study is a collaboration between The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions (HCHDS), The Gaston \& Porter Health Improvement Center, Inc. (GPHIC), and the American Institutes for Research (AIR). Study participants will be recruited from FQHCs in Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD. These FQHCs were chosen because they are medical homes to a large number of low income midlife African American women who have hypertension. The sample, 480 African American women between the ages of 40 and 75 who receive their primary care from a FQHC, will be randomly assigned to receive the PTSC intervention (n=240) or usual care for a FQHC (n=240). Data on blood pressure, health status, health behaviors, and health care utilization will be collected through participant surveys and administrative records from the FQHCs. Blood pressure measurements and surveys will be collected at baseline, 13 weeks (end of program), 9 months (6 months after the end of the program), and 15 months (a year after the end of the program). Administrative records to track health services use and costs will be collected on an ongoing basis over the same time period. These data will be used to address the following specific aims:
Aim 1. Estimate the effectiveness of PTSC compared with usual care on blood pressure control among hypertensive, low-income, mid-to-late life African American women.
Hypothesis 1.1 Patients randomized to PTSC will have better controlled blood pressure than patients who receive usual care at the end of the intervention (13 weeks) and up to one year post intervention (15 months).
Aim 2. Estimate the effectiveness of PTSC on health knowledge, health self-efficacy, and health behaviors that contribute to risks associated with hypertension.
Hypothesis 2.1 Patients randomized to PTSC will demonstrate a greater increase in knowledge of the causes and consequences of high blood pressure than patients receiving usual care.
Hypothesis 2.2 Patients randomized to PTSC will demonstrate a greater increase in health-related self-efficacy than patients receiving usual care.
Hypothesis 2.3 Patients randomized to PTSC will practice more adaptive stress management techniques, increase their level of physical activity, and improve their diets more than patients receiving usual care.
Hypothesis 2.4 Patients randomized to PTSC will monitor their own blood pressure more regularly than patients receiving usual care.
Hypothesis 2.5: Patients randomized to PTSC will be more compliant with taking prescribed hypertension medications than patients receiving usual care.
Aim 3. Test whether there is a cost offset of PTSC for society. Hypothesis 3.1 Patients randomized to PTSC will have fewer unnecessary hospitalizations and emergency rooms visits for cardiovascular related problems than patients receiving usual care.
Hypothesis 3.2 Patients randomized to PTSC will have fewer hospital admissions for cardiovascular related problems than patients receiving usual care.
Hypothesis 3.3 The costs of providing PTSC will be offset by reductions in healthcare costs associated with health improvements for patients randomized to PTSC compared to patients receiving usual care.
FQHCs and other safety net providers are challenged to effectively manage the hypertension of their midlife African American female patients. PTSC may be a viable low-cost, community-based intervention that physicians can use as a resource for their patients to support necessary lifestyle changes and improve their health.
