Observational Study of COVID-19 Treatment Efficacy

Background: Several studies have indicated a potential role for Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 as caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Hydroxychloroquine has demonstrated potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin together have significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral carriage over 6 days compared to a placebo and COVID-19 patients who received a 5 day regimen of 400mg/day of Hydroxychloroquine had significantly shortened times to clinical recovery characterized by improved pneumonia compared with patients who did not receive Hydroxychloroquine. Within OSF Healthcare approximately 50% of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients are currently receiving some form of Hydroxychloroquine during the course of their hospitalization. The utilization of this treatment has been approved by the FDA based upon the limited data available. Significance: The optimal treatment regimen for COVID-19 patients has yet to be defined. Several small studies have indicated a potential role for the utilization of Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. However, very little evidence exists around the optimal treatment regimen and efficacy with regard to tangible outcomes. This observational retrospective/prospective chart review study aims to help provide epidemiological data that may help to provide guidance to clinicians for both future patients, as well as provide clinicians guidance for study design of more definitive controlled studies. Given the rapid spread of this disease, the high mortality rate associated with it and the impact of the disease upon society this study is anticipated to have the potential to contribute significantly to the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Study Design and Methodology: The study will be a retrospective/prospective observational study of cohorts of hospitalized patients across the OSF Healthcare System who have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and exhibit signs or symptoms of respiratory distress during the course of their hospitalization. The outcomes of patients who both receive and do not receive Hydroxychloroquine will be compared, with particular attention to the timing of administration in relationship to the onset of respiratory distress. Respiratory distress will be defined as a low SpO2, an elevated respiratory rate or an increased oxygen demand. Hydroxychloroquine administration will be defined as a documented administration of the medication on the patient's medication administration record (MAR). Administration of Hydroxychloroquine prior to the onset of respiratory distress, administration of Hydroxychloroquine on the day of respiratory distress and administration of Hydroxychloroquine following the onset of respiratory distress will all be assessed and compared across three outcome metrics; progression to an ICU location of care, progression to ventilator support and mortality. * Patients at all OSF HealthCare locations across the Ministry that meet Inclusion/Exclusion criteria will be cohorted by: * Hydroxychloroquine administered - yes (including the date started) * Hydroxychloroquine - no * For the Hydroxychloroquine administered - yes cohort, further subdivide into 3 cohorts: * Hydroxychloroquine date started was before the date recorded for signs of respiratory distress * Hydroxychloroquine date started was the same as the date recorded for signs of respiratory distress * Hydroxychloroquine date started was after the date recorded for signs of respiratory distress * At this point the investigators would have 4 cohorts: * Hydroxychloroquine - No * Hydroxychloroquine date started was before the date recorded for signs of respiratory distress * Hydroxychloroquine date started was the same as the date recorded for signs of respiratory distress * Hydroxychloroquine date started was after the date recorded for signs of respiratory distress * These 4 cohorts would be compared to determine any difference in the following metrics: * Mortality * ICU Admissions * Ventilator use * Additional study of additional treatment regimens using a similar design may be repeated for the following treatments * Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin * Remdesivir (This is a compassionate use medication with very limited use in OSF. Observational study of this would be significantly limited and therefore unlikely to be undertaken) * Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (some indication that these lead to poorer outcomes) Study Procedures: OSF Data Analytics will pull reports of confirmed positive COVID-19 subjects. The data will be kept securely on password-protected computers and analyzed by applicable research personnel listed on this study. Data Use and Management: 1. Results of this study will be presented within OSF Healthcare at national meetings and/or published in academic journals. The investigators will not disclose any subject PHI or identifying personal information in any presentation or publication about the study. 2. The study investigators will be responsible for data safety monitoring. This is an observational study which only involves data collection from the hospital/institutional sources (e.g., hospital notes, office visit notes,). This study does not dictate any specific surgical treatments or medications. All procedures performed on the patients are standard of care and the study does not involve any additional hospital visits for subject or the parents/guardians. Data that will be collected from patient records will be securely stored on password-protected computers accessible only by applicable research personnel. Data Analysis: Data analysis will be performed by the PI and applicable research personnel. Oversight and Ethics: This study will be conducted in compliance with the Peoria IRB research policies and procedures and all applicable laws and regulations. The staff members will perform the study in accordance with the protocol, and will report unexpected problems in accordance with the Peoria IRB policies and procedures and applicable laws and regulations. Collection, recording, and reporting of data will be accurate and will ensure the privacy, health, and welfare of research subjects during and after the study. Privacy and Confidentiality: Study staff will maintain the highest degree of confidentiality permitted for clinical and research information obtained from the participants. Medical and records will be maintained in the strictest confidence. However, as a part of the quality assurance and legal responsibilities of an investigation, the clinical site must permit monitoring representatives of various governing facilities to examine clinical records for the purpose of quality assurance reviews, audits, and evaluations of the registry safety and progress. Unless required by the laws that permit copying of records, only the coded identity associated with documents or with other participant data may be copied (and all personally identifying information must be obscured). Authorized representatives as noted above are bound to maintain the strict confidentiality of medical and research information that is linked to individuals. The clinical site will normally be notified before auditing visits occur. Risks: The main risk in this study is the potential breach of privacy and loss of confidentiality. There is minimal risk of likelihood of harm. All reasonable safeguards to secure the confidentiality of information will be taken by the investigators and their research personnel.