Chronic headache is a disabling neurologic condition that affects 2-3 % of the general population. According to Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society, the chronic headache is defined as of at least one headache episode for 15 days a month, with at least eight days a month on which their headaches and associated symptoms meet diagnostic criteria. It is a neurologic condition characterized by attacks of headache, hypersensitivity to visual, auditory, olfactory, and cutaneous stimuli, nausea and vomiting.
Chronic migraine is common, often affects people during their most productive years of life, exerts substantial individual and societal costs, and is associated with numerous comorbid disorders. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) has been involved in the development of chronic headache. In most of cases, IIH and chronic headache have been associated with a stenosis of the internal jugular vein (IJV). Some studies have shown that IJV compression aggravates the severity of migraine and has a possible role in the pathophysiology of migraine. Moreover, patients with migraine have less compliant IJV, which makes them susceptible to cerebral venous hypertension; these veins are more likely to develop and transmit venous hypertension caused by the increased venous blood volume during IJV compression. So, it cannot be excluded that an obstruction of the venous blood flow can lead to an increase in intracranial venous pressure and, consequently, a state of latent intracranial hypertension which justifies the chronicity of the headache. Moreover, the absence of alteration of the intracranial venous blood flow and the elevated intracranial pressure are found in about half of patients with chronic primary headache.
Based on this, among the risk factors of migraine chronicity, IIH has been evaluated like a risk factor for headache chronicity to overlap of clinical manifestations, such as persistent or high frequency headache, allodynia and to share of some factors (female sex, obesity and sleep disorders) and to the common therapeutic response to topiramate. In patients with chronic headache and IIH, a stenosis at the junction of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses has been recognized through venography but, recently, the role of isolated non-thrombotic IJV stenosis in IIH has gained a vested interest. Recent studies suggest that non-thrombotic stenosis of IJV may worsen the headache clinical severity, suggesting a possible causative role in the pathogenesis of chronic headache. It is demonstrated that the intervention of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was associated with a sustained improvement in clinical symptoms of patients with persistent headaches and concomitant obstructive disease of the IJV.
Balloon angioplasty and endovascular stenting of dural venous sinus stenosis in patients with IIH is a newer and actively debated treatment and has recently gained popularity. Initial studies indicate that it reduces headache in 60-88% of patients but carries 2% risk for significant morbidity and mortality.
For these reasons, given the promising risk- benefit ratio, these two therapeutics options have become an accepted treatment modality characterized by a low patency and clinical improvement rates.
Bavera et a in a prospective investigation involving 366 patients who underwent PTA and were subsequently interviewed by an independent assessor and followed up for 4 years, found improvements respectively in 98.6% of patients with headache and in 98.5% of cases with associated chronic fatigue. This latter symptom was also investigated longitudinally using two validated scales and an independent non-blinded assessor, who reported significant improvements one year after the procedure.
Furthermore, there is abundant evidence linking headaches with obstruction of the cerebral venous drainage pathways suggesting that PTA might be an effective intervention for patients suffering from persistent headaches. The endovascular treatments of non-thrombotic IJV stenosis like balloon venoplasty and stenting have been proven to provide a significant short-term improvement of IIH and related headache and a good efficacy profile with no immediate increase of risk, but data on long-term outcome are not satisfactory due to the high rate of recurrence. This suggests that PTA might be a useful intervention for treating patients with persistent headaches and concomitant obstructive disease of the IJV and that a more adequate treatment may be more appropriate rather than restenosis or recurrence. Venous stenting has emerged as an attractive therapy with the potential of addressing the intracranial pressure elevation-associated clinical issues from etiological level, particularly after medical failure. The complications of stenting such as ipsilateral headache, restenosis, intra-stent thrombosis have been demonstrated in the settings of intracranial sinus obstruction, but very few studies investigated the role and efficacy of IJV stenting in the treatment of intracranical hypertension and headache. In a recent study, the investigator found a subset of patients with presumed IIH with isolated IJV stenosis, which improved significantly their clinical symptoms (headache, tinnitus) after stenting of the IJV. The current design of stents for the venous system, however, shows improved and continuous radial force and resistance to compression. The increasing diameter of vessel toward the heart requires an oversized stent diameter to avoid migration, and this could determine the loss of the physiological compliance of the vein.
The purpose of this study is to assess the safety profile of an innovative venous-oriented device (Petalo CVS) in the treatment of patients with non-thrombotic internal jugular vein stenosis and chronic headache resistant to best medical therapy. This innovative device (Petalo CVS) has already been evaluated in an animal model in a pre-clinical study to test the safety and efficacy and has been documented a favourable safety profile of Petalo CVS.
The device Petalo CVS has been designed with full consideration of the collapsible nature of the vein, which is responsible for great variation in venous capacity with little change in venous pressure. Petalo CVS was developed considering the delicate and elastic properties of the venous wall. It has a tubular concave shape with 4 support modules joined by transverse bridges. The modules are oriented longitudinally and extend along the entire length of the device's body. The concavity of the four modules is oriented toward the vein wall. The support modules are internally empty, without bridges or other internal elements, to minimize the metal structure. Two transversal bridges join the support modules in the central part of the body, leaving the extremity of the modules free and open. The joined bridges enhance the conformability of the device and reduce the radial force. The concave shape of the support modules was studied to reduce the contact between the device and vein wall, with the aim of decreasing inflammatory. In particular, Petalo CVS was evaluated in an animal model. Twelve healthy pigs weighing 90kg were used to test it. The devices were implanted into the IJVs using a femoral vein percutaneous approach. The safety profile including the success rate of device releasing, anchoring, and positioning was evaluated immediately. Fracture, migration, primary patency, and endothelial response were assessed at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after the study procedure. A total of 32 devices were successfully released in both IJV. No procedure -or device- related complications were reported, and all pigs successfully completed the different scheduled follow-up periods. The primary patency rate was 100%, and no fracture or migration of the device into the brachiocephalic trunk was reported. Histological examination revealed only minimal lesions with minimal or absent inflammatory reaction surrounding the incorporated metallic rods. So, this porcine model study showed a promising safety and efficacy profile of Petalo CVS.
This suggests that the particular shape and configuration of this device will assure a low rate of complications and satisfactory long-term outcomes.
Risks of venous stenting of internal jugular vein in patients with chronic headache are not well known. However, the expertise of the research group in the endovascular procedures and the shape and configuration of this device will probably determine a low rate of procedure-related complications. Long-term complications, such as thrombosis of the stent, are not well known, but the investigator's preliminary data on the animal model are encouraging.
It has been demonstrated that Petalo CVS promoted only minimal response of the vein wall, with a primary patency of 100% and the patency of the target veins was maintained without the need of any specific anticoagulant therapy.
Moreover, it is possible that not all patients with chronic headache will be suitable for venous stenting, due to unfavourable anatomy of internal jugular vein. Previous studies demonstrated that younger patients with transversal endoluminal defects are more likely to experience a significant improvement in IJV outflow after venous angioplasty, whereas in older patients with IJV hypoplasia or longitudinal endoluminal defects, angioplasty is likely to have only a limited effect. In these patients it is likely that venous stenting will have a limited efficacy and the procedure will be evaluated on a case-by-case analysis.
In general, it is expected a negligible rate of procedure-related complications such as collapse and migration to the heart.
