Study Methods:
All patients included in our study were subjected to the following:
1. Full history taking including:
Age, full obstetric history including (number of previous pregnancies and abortions), history of previous illness, duration of pregnancy.
Risk factors for developing hypertension as Diabetes Mellitus (DM), history of chronic hypertension, anti-hypertensive treatment, history of HTN during previous pregnancies.
2. Full physical examination:
On admission: Patient's weight and height were obtained to calculate Body surface area (BSA) Vital signs assessment regarding arterial pulse, arterial blood pressure measurement using mercury sphygmomanometer and proper arm cuff according to the recent guidelines of arterial hypertension General and local cardiac examination.
3. Investigations : the followings were done at time of hospital admission:
1. Urine analysis: was done to all participants to exclude the presence of albuminuria
2. Echocardiography:
All participants underwent resting transthoracic 2D echocardiography, Scans were acquired by a standard parasternal/apical views using (VIVID S5 instrument, GE Medical Systems, Horten, Norway) with subjects in the left lateral decubitus position.
4\) Blood pressure assessment: was done after control of blood pressure by different anti-hypertensive drugs mostly on 3rd- 4th day of admission.
1. Office blood pressure measurement: BP in pregnancy was measured in the sitting position (or the left lateral recumbent during labour) with an appropriately sized arm cuff at heart level and using Korotkoff V for DBP. Manual auscultation was the only method used as it remains the gold standard for BP measurement in pregnancy, because automated devices tend to under-record the BP and are unreliable in severe preeclampsia.
2. Non-invasive central BP monitoring: measured by MOBIL-O-GRAPH:
* The non-invasive assessment of estimated PWV was performed in a quiet, temperature-controlled examination room
* Three measurements were taken with a 2-min break between them. The procedure was performed with the patient in a sitting position and using an adequately sized cuff. The Mobil-O-Graph 24h NG (IEM, Stolberg, Germany) with inbuilt ARCSolver (Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria) This device is a commercially available brachial oscillometric blood pressure monitor with Food and Drug Administration and Conformite´ Europe´enne approval. Its blood pressure detection unit is validated according to the British Hypertension Society and European Society of Hypertension recommendations. Algorithms were used to obtain conventional blood pressure readings such as brachial systolic and diastolic pressures. In the second step, the brachial cuff is inflated to the diastolic blood pressure level and held for about 10s to record the pulse waves. Subsequently, central pressure curves obtained through a transfer function from the peripheral reading are plotted. To estimate aPWV, the ARCSolver method utilizes several parameters from pulse wave analysis and wave separation analysis combined in a proprietary mathematical model, whereby the major determinants are age (Mendes, 2015) , central pressure, and aortic characteristic impedance.
3. Invasive blood pressure measurement:
Cannulation technique:
Percutaneous cannulation is performed under aseptic conditions, using the radial artery. The hand and forearm are affixed to an arm board, with the wrist dorsiflexed over a bandage roll. The thumb should be immobilized as well, to ensure proper anchorage of the artery. the investigators infiltrate subcutaneously with 2% lidocaine as a local anaesthetic, it helps also to minimize arterial spasm.
Using palpation of the artery as a guide, the cannula (20-gauge Teflon cannula) is advanced at a 20° angle to the skin until the arterial wall is pierced. The stylet is then held fixed and the cannula advanced up the arterial lumen.
The cannula was connected to a disposable tubing system and flushed intermittently with heparinized 0.9% saline solution. This helped prevent occlusion of the cannula by thrombus .The tubing should be stiff and not contain any bubbles in order to minimize resonance and damping.
The liquid within the tubing was connected to a transducer (Auto Transducer®; ACE Medical, Inc., Goyang, Korea). The transducer needs to be kept horizontally level with the patient; traditionally, the right atrium because raising or lowering the transducer relative to the patient will alter the reading. Zeroing was performed by opening the transducer to atmospheric pressure and electronically zeroing the system.
The arterial blood pressure signals were recorded and displayed on a bedside monitor (GE Datex-Ohmeda S/5TM Anaesthesia Monitor, Helsinki, Finland).The whole tubing system was flushed with sterile normal saline to eliminate air bubbles and tested for system loss.
