Defining Beef and Meal Frequency as Key Components of a Healthy Eating Pattern for Muscle Health and Wellbeing

Exclusion Criteria

• •Age outside of range (20 - 40)
• •Pregnancy
• •Irregular menstrual cycles
• •Participation in previous research using 2H2O or \[13C6\]phenylalanine
• •Participation in other ongoing research that interferes with this study (e.g., conflicting diet, activity interventions, etc.)
• •Any hospitalization or surgery for a metabolic, cardiovascular, or neuromusculoskeletal complication within the past year
• •Allergy or hypersensitivity to local anesthetics, latex, or adhesives (bandages, medical tape, etc.)
• •Excess scarring after injury
• •History of excess bleeding after cut
• •Chronic or frequent dizziness/fainting, and arm or leg weakness/numbness
• •Arthritis
• •Tumors
• •Mental Illness
• •Hepatorenal, cardiovascular musculoskeletal, autoimmune, or neurological disease or disorder
• •Predisposition to hypertrophic scarring or keloid formation
• •Physical activity limitations
• •Consumption of ergogenic-levels of dietary supplements that may affect muscle mass (e.g., creatine, HMB), insulin-like substances, or anabolic/catabolic pro-hormones (e.g., DHEA) within 6 weeks prior to participation
• •Consumption of thyroid, androgenic, or other medications known to affect endocrine function
• •Consumption of medications known to affect protein metabolism (e.g., prescription-strength corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, or acne medication)
• •Unwillingness to comply with study procedures
• •Weight unstable (variation \>5% of bodyweight in last 6-12 months)
• •Pregnancy
• •Allergy to dairy product or lactose intolerance
• •Current or previous tobacco use with last 6 months
• •Obesity (body mass index; BMI \> 30 kg m-2)
• •Score of less than 14 or greater than 24 on Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire