Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a global problem, with 210 million sufferers and 3 million deaths annually. It is predicted to become the third most common cause of death worldwide by 2030. There are 1.2 million people with known COPD in the UK, but this is likely to be an underestimate. People with COPD have daily symptoms, a poorer health status, reduced exercise capacity, and impairment in lung function. A sustained worsening of symptoms above day-to-day variation, in response to infection or pollution, is termed an acute exacerbation. Exacerbations of COPD are the second most common cause of emergency admission to hospital in the UK, being responsible for one in eight (130,000) of the total, as well as 1 million bed days and an annual National Health Service (NHS) expenditure of over £500M in 2015.
Despite people with the condition being extensive users of the NHS, approximately only 1% of their time is spent with healthcare professionals. The rest of the time, people with COPD are encouraged to self-manage their condition; where, such behaviours include regular exercise, taking prescribed medication, being aware of symptoms, and attending healthcare appointments. Supporting self-management behaviours has been highlighted as crucial for the care of people with COPD. Despite the positive relationship between self-management and health outcomes, these behaviours are seldom conducted and adherence to medication is historically low.
To enable greater awareness of the change of his symptoms (i.e. better self-management), Ian Bond - who lives with COPD - created a simple diary which allowed him to identify when he was likely to have an exacerbation and thus take preventative action. Creating Bond Digital Health Ltd. (BDH; Cardiff, UK; https://bondhealth.co.uk/) he transformed this paper tool into a basic electronic diary. This quickly evolved into the development of an easy-to-use smart phone app. 'COPD Pal' aims to allow people with COPD to track and manage their condition. It enables patients to log symptoms (e.g. COPD assessment Test), wellness (e.g. quality of life such as EQ-5D), and medications, to help them become more engaged in their own care.
Showing their digital health data to a healthcare professional, during the consultation (by the patient), can guide communication, and empower the patient to lead their clinic appointment, and to become more positively involved in their own care. It should also help any healthcare professional in looking at trends and changes (or consistencies) from baseline health status which are unique for that patient. It is akin to a patient bringing a paper diary to show their healthcare professional the day-to-day variation in their chronic disease.
By improving self-management, illness understanding, and confidence in people with COPD, the app allows greater locus of control and hopefully will lead to reduced GP contacts, number and length of hospitalisations, and present real and immediate cost-savings to the NHS.
Welsh Government have funded (Efficiency through Technology Programme (ETTP), Social Research Number: 51/2017) a collaborative project between BDH and Hywel Dda University Health Board (HDUHB). BDH and their specialist software engineers are developing the prototype, working app. HDUHB have been funded (£16,000) to conduct a quantitative clinical trial and patient focus groups in the later design phases of the app to investigate suitability and usability, and test early feasibility in a real-world setting. It is hoped that such a study could also help improve these aspects for future versions of COPD Pal.
This project describes the Clinical Phase 1, focus groups and aims to answer the research question: 'how do people with COPD experience the usability and acceptability of the COPD Pal app?'
