Effects of Physical Exercise on Postmenopausal Risk Factors in Women With Osteopenia

Exclusion Criteria

• •BMD \<-4.0 SD T-Score (BMD threshold for pharmaceutical therapy according to Dachverband Osteologie (DVO) guideline (mandatory for Germany, Austria, Suisse) for woman 50-60 years).
• •Prevalent clinical, low-trauma fractures
• •Diseases and drugs with relevant effects on bone and muscle metabolism (e.g. glucocorticoids \>7.5 mg/d or bisphosphonate therapy); individual case assessment
• •Diseases and drugs with relevant effects on cardiometabolic risk factors (e.g. severe hypertension with corresponding medical therapy); individual case assessment
• •Severe cardiovascular events (e.g. stroke, coronary infarction) in the past.
• •Other conditions, diseases that exclude exercise training in a group (≤10 persons).