Scavenging of Reactive Carbonyl Species by Apple Polyphenols in Human

A crossover design was used. Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited and asked to avoid the consumption of any apple products starting 1 week before intervention and continuing throughout the entire study for a total of 3 weeks. On week 2, each of six participants received 600 g apple blends (seeds removal) in a single dose, and afterwards, urine and blood samples at different timepoints over 24 h, and fecal sample at different timepoints over 48 h were collected. Meanwhile, other six participants received breakfast (without any apple products) only, and urine and blood samples at different timepoints over 24 h, and fecal sample at different timepoints over 48 h were collected. On the contrary, on week 3, six participants who received apple blends on week 2 received breakfast only, and six participants who were used as control on week 2 received apple blends. And urine and blood samples at different timepoints over 24 h, and fecal sample at different timepoints over 48 h for both groups were collected. Samples will be analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetics of conjugates will be investigated.