Doppler Ultrasonography in Assessment of Graft Hemodynamics After Living-Donor Liver Transplantation

Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) is the most severe and frequent complication represents more than 50% of all arterial complications. Early HAT occurring within 1 month post-operation in 2.9%, and late HAT in 2.2%. The overall mortality rate for patients with early HAT is about 33% (13). Hepatic arterial stenosis can occur immediately postoperative or later with an incidence of 1% to 2% and has been suggested to progress to HAT. This is due to surgical technique or fibrotic healing (14). Hepatic artery aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm is rare and has an incidence of 0.27-3%. They occur in the second or third post-transplant week after infection caused by biliary sepsis, intestinal perforation, anastomotic leak, or intrahepatic stenting, or technical failure . Portal vein thrombosis (partial or complete) or stenosis has an incidence of 2-3%, it can occur early postoperative within 1 month or more late. Early portal vein thrombosis can lead to liver insufficiency and failure. Late presentation, depending on the collateral circulation, can lead to portal hypertension with varices and ascites . Currently, transplant outflow obstruction by kinking, stenosis or thrombosis of the inferior vena cava (IVC) or hepatic vein, especially in LDLT, are relatively uncommon complications following liver transplantation with an reported incidence of less than 3%. The main risk factor is a technical error in the creation of the anastomosis Despite all the advances in transplant patient care and surgical techniques, biliary complications remain high incidence in living donor or split liver transplant. There are early and late complications, and there are anastomotic, and nonanastomotic biliary complications, such as stones, sludge and casts .