Association of Ingrown Toenails With Flat Foot, Hallux Abducto Valgus and Hallux Limitus

Precautions were taken to ensure consistency in measurement. To standardize the bisection techniques in measuring radiological hallux valgus angle, this study followed the recommendation from the American Orthopaedic Foot \& Ankle Society. The longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal and that of the first proximal phalanx were formed respectively by 2 reference points marked on each of the two bones. The reference points on the first proximal phalanx were 1/2 to 1 cm proximal or distal to the articular surface while the reference points on the first metatarsal were 1 to 2 cm proximal or distal to the articular surface. The active maximum dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was measured with goniometer on weight-bearing. The bisection was carried out under a weight-bearing condition to avoid error due to soft-tissue movement when participants changed from a non weight-bearing position to a weight-bearing position.