Dialysis vascular accesses such as Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF) and Arteriovenous Grafts (AVG) are surgically created vasculatures used for hemodialysis in patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). A functioning dialysis vascular access is critical to the delivery of life-saving hemodialysis (HD) treatment to these patients. Unfortunately, neointimal hyperplasia frequently occurs within the dialysis vascular access, resulting in stenosis, poor flow and thrombosis with loss of function. The durability of both AVF and AVG are poor, with an almost 50% failure rate after a median lifetime of 3 to 7 years for AVF and 12 to 18 months for AVG. Vascular access failure is the most common reason for hospitalization among HD patients. The global healthcare costs for treating vascular access-related complications amount to USD 18 billion, and in USD 1 billion in the US alone. These figures are set to increase, due to the increase in prevalence of access interventions and hemodialysis patients globally. Singapore has one of the highest ESRD rates in the world and investigators are facing an increasing number of patients with ESRD and majority of the patients opting for hemodialysis as their treatment modality. As such, vascular access related complication is set to be a major contribution of healthcare cost in our nation.
Thrombosis of dialysis access is a catastrophic event in patients with ESRD as it results in a loss of access to hemodialysis. Thrombosis is often as a result of underlying stenosis in the dialysis circuit. To restore the function of the dialysis access, the thrombus is lysed with the use of lytic agents; followed by treatment of the underlying stenosis. The current gold standard therapy for treatment of stenosis in dialysis access is plain balloon angioplasty (BA). Despite its widespread availability and minimally invasive nature, the mid- and long-term patency with BA in patients with ESRD is poor. The reported average primary patency after BA is around 40-50% at 1 year. Multiple repeated angioplasty are required to maintain the patency of the vascular access. Hence, there is an urgent clinical need to improve the patency of dialysis vascular access.
Recently, the use of stents, in particular stent graft, has been shown to be superior to angioplasty for stenosis occurring at the site of venous anastomoses of an AVG. The incidence of patency of the treatment area was significantly greater in the stent-graft group than in the balloon-angioplasty group (51% vs. 23%, P\<0.001), as was the incidence of patency of the access circuit (38% vs. 20%, P=0.008) at 6 months. For cephalic arch stenosis in AVF, the use of stent graft has also been shown to be superior to bare metal stent. The 6 month primary patency for stent graft and bare stent was 81.8 and 39.1%, respectively. One-year primary patency for stent graft and bare stent was 31.8 and 0.00%, respectively (P = 0.002). However, the use of stent graft for the management of dialysis vascular access is not without any concern. In particular, re-stenosis can occur within the stented segment (post stent 12-month primary patency is 46%), resulting in the need for repeat angioplasty. Future stent deployment in the re-stenotic segment may also not be feasible due to the presence of the stent. Moreover, the presence of a stent can impede future surgical revision or new access creation within the same vessel.
Paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasty (PCBA) has also been shown recently to be superior to plain BA in the treatment of stenosis in dialysis vascular access. This is because the very intervention used to treat the underlying stenosis by plain BA can induce vascular injury and accelerate intimal hyperplasia, resulting in rapid restenosis and need for repeated procedures to maintain vessel patency. By releasing Paclitaxel, which is an anti-proliferative drug, locally into the vessel wall during balloon contact, it will blunt the acceleration of intimal hyperplasia response, resulting in improved primary patency after angioplasty. Additionally, unlike stents, PCBA does not leave a permanent structure that may impede future surgical revision. In a small 40 patient pilot study, the primary unassisted patency in the PCBA group was significantly better than the plain BA group at 6 (70 % versus 25 %) and 12 months (35 % versus 5 %, p \<0.001) respectively.
Sirolimus coated balloon (SCB) is the new generation of drug eluting balloons that are available in the market. Compared to Paclitaxel, sirolimus is cytostatic in its mode of action with a high margin of safety. It has a high transfer rate to the vessel wall and effectively inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in the porcine coronary model. In the coronary artery interventions, preliminary clinical studies using SCB have also shown excellent procedural and 6 month patency.
The effectiveness of SCB in patients with dialysis access dysfunction has not been previously investigated. As thrombosis frequently occur as a result of underlying stenosis from neointimal hyperplasia, investigators postulate that the application of SCB after successful thrombolysis will inhibit the onset of neointimal hyperplasia and result in better vascular access patency. Specifically for AVG, where thrombosis episodes are frequent and the 3 month patency rate after successful thrombolysis is only 40%, investigators hypothesize that the application of SCB after successful thrombolysis in AVG may be the key to improving the mid and long term patency of the AVG after successful thrombolysis.
Investigators intended to perform this single centre study with a planned total of 20 patients enrolled from Singapore General Hospital. The patient pool will be from adult renal failure patients with successfully thrombolysis of thrombosed AVG admitted to SGH between June 2018 and December 2018. Adult patients of both genders and all races may be included in this study. Children and pregnant women will not be included in this study as they are considered a vulnerable population and are also not representative of the population at risk.
Patients who are admitted to the hospital for thrombosed AVG will be screened and offered enrollment if they meet the inclusion criteria. Patients will be consented and pre-procedure blood tests (full blood count, renal panel and PT/PTT) performed as per standard hospital criteria. Patients who have successful thrombolysis will be recruited into the study and receive the sirolimus coated balloon in the same setting. Patients who have unsuccessful thrombolysis will be considered as screen failures and will not be recruited into the trial.
Thrombolysis of the AVG will be performed as per standard hospital protocol in the Interventional Nephrology suite (INS). Briefly, an antegrade and retrograde vascular sheath will be placed in the thrombosed AVG under ultrasound guidance. Thrombolytic agents will be delivered into the thrombosed AVG via the vascular sheaths or infusion catheters. The culprit venous stenosis will be treated using plain BA and thrombus within the AVG macerated using the same angioplasty balloon. The arterial plug will be dislodged by using a 5.5Fr Fogarty balloon. Following successful thrombolysis of the AVG, the number and location of lesions within the dialysis circuit will be documented. After adequate angioplasty of the culprit lesion (defined as \<30% residual stenosis after treatment at rated burst pressure of the angioplasty balloon), SCB will be applied at the culprit lesion after appropriate sizing using the diameter of the graft or the outflow vein as reference. To ensure adequate contact, the SCB should be of the same or oversized by 1mm the diameter of the reference vessel. An inflation device with a pressure gauge will be used to inflate up to manufacturers' stated burst pressure. The duration of balloon inflation will be 2 minutes at the rated burst pressure. Post angioplasty with SCB, a completion graftogram will be done to document the results. The size of the balloon used, inflation pressure, the transit time of balloon, number of inflation, procedure complications (if any), and residual stenosis will be recorded.
Post procedure, all patients will received daily dose aspirin (100mg) and clopidogrel (75mg) orally for 1 month, followed by treatment with aspirin alone for 6 months. For patients who are already on Aspirin prior to the procedure, they will continue on aspirin after the trial. For patients who are already on clopidogrel before the trial, they will continue on clopidogrel after 1 month of combination therapy with aspirin.
As patients with ESRD are at increased risk of bleeding, proton pump inhibitors will be prescribed during the period that they are receiving dual anti-platelet therapy. Patients will also be informed of the risk of bleeding and to seek immediate medical attention should they develop any bleeding episodes. The patients will be followed up via monthly phone call from the principle investigator while they are on dual anti-platelet therapy.
Investigators define patency based on SIR reporting standards (Gray et al., 2003):
Post-intervention target lesion patency:
Interval after intervention until the next re-intervention at or adjacent to the original treatment site or until the access is abandoned. Percutaneous or surgical treatments of a new arterial or venous outflow stenosis/occlusion (including access thrombosis) that do not involve or exclude the original lesion from the access circuit are compatible with lesion patency. Creation of a new access that incorporates the target lesion into the new access circuit is also compatible with target lesion patency.
Post-intervention access circuit primary patency:
Interval following intervention until the next access thrombosis or repeated intervention. It ends with the treatment of a lesion anywhere within the access circuit, from the arterial inflow to the superior vena cava-right atrial junction.
Post-intervention access circuit assisted primary patency:
Interval after intervention until access thrombosis or a surgical intervention that excludes the treated lesion from the access circuit. Percutaneous treatments of either restenosis/occlusion of the previously treated lesion or a new arterial or venous outflow stenosis/occlusion (excluding access thrombosis) are compatible with assisted primary patency.
Post-intervention access circuit secondary patency:
Interval after intervention until the access is surgically declotted, revised or abandoned. Thrombolysis and percutaneous thrombectomy are compatible with secondary patency.
With regards to the potential complication, it will be categorised according to SIR definitions of minor or major complications (Aruny et al., 2003):
A major complication is defined as one that:
1. require therapy, minor hospitalisation (\< 48 hours),
2. require major therapy, unplanned increase in level of care, prolonged hospitalisation (\>48 hours),
3. leads to permanent adverse sequelae, or
4. death
A minor complication is one that:
1. requires no therapy with no consequence,
2. requires nominal therapy with no consequence; includes overnight admission for observation only.
All participants will be followed-up after intervention to assess the patency clinically and radiologically as well as complications and whether able to achieve prescribed haemodialysis.
All participants will be received call from principal investigator or site-investigator or study members monthly to assess the compliance to antiplatelet therapy as well as assess whether any adverse effects associated with antiplatelet therapy.
The participant is seen for assessment of primary outcome. The window period for this scheduled post-intervention visit is 3 month post-intervention ± 1 weeks.
The participant returns for a 6-month follow-up to assess the patency rate of AVG as well as any intervention needed to maintain patency.
