Many providers of HIV medicine are switching patients from TDF to TAF containing ART regimens for safety reasons including significant improvements in bone health and kidney function that have been demonstrated in clinical trials.1-3 Multiple studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of switching from TDF to TAF based regimens, but most allowed other components of the ART regimen to change in addition to TDF which may confound study results. For example, a recent meta-analysis demonstrated that TDF accompanied by ritonavir or cobicistat boosting was associated with higher risks of bone and renal adverse events and lower rates of virologic suppression in comparison to TAF. In contrast, when ritonavir and cobicistat were not used, there were not efficacy differences and only marginal safety differences between tenofovir agents.4 Additionally, measures of treatment success aside from maintaining virologic suppression including requirements for additional regimen changes due to tolerability, cost and access have not been formally evaluated. Furthermore, aside from renal function and bone health, comprehensive evaluations of metabolic changes following TDF to TAF switches have not been performed. Specifically, alterations in weight, body mass index, and glycemic control have not been studied in patients switching from TDF to TAF in clinical trials and changes in cholesterol and cardiovascular disease risk have had only minimal assessment.5 Weight gain most commonly occurs following the initiation of ART in treatment naïve patients, but has been noted in virologically suppressed patients making certain ART changes. Weight gain following TDF to TAF switches was not measured in clinical trials, but has been noted anecdotally within our clinic population and is believed to warrant additional investigation.
In terms of cholesterol and cardiovascular disease risk, previous clinical trials have identified differences in serum cholesterol measurements in patients receiving TDF and TAF, but formal assessments of the resulting potential differences in cardiovascular disease risk have not occurred:
* The first trial was a phase II, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multi-center study that compared the safety and efficacy of TAF and TDF.6 The active-controlled arm received elvitegravir 150mg, cobicistat 150mg, emtricitabine 200mg, and TDF 200mg (E/C/F/TDF). The study arm received elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and TAF (E/C/F/TAF). Subjects receiving E/C/F/TAF experienced more Grade 3 or 4 increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) (9% vs. 3%). However, the median increase in fasting LDL was similar between groups (+17 vs. +11 mg/dL, p=0.11). Significant differences were observed for total cholesterol (+30 vs +17 mg/dL, p=0.007) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (+7 vs +3 mg/dL, p=0.023), but the total cholesterol:HDL ratio remained similar for both treatment arms.
* A second phase II, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy multicenter trial compared darunavir 800mg/cobicistat 150mg/emtricitabine 200mg/TAF 10mg (D/C/F/TAF) to darunavir 800mg, cobicistat 150mg, and co-formulated emtricitabine 200mg/TDF 300mg (D+C+F/TDF).7 More than 230 subjects were screened, and 153 were randomized 2:1 to receive either D/C/F/TAF (n=103) or D+C+F/TDF (n=50). The primary efficacy outcome was virologic suppression at weeks 24 and 48. Safety and tolerability were assessed through renal, bone, and metabolic measurements. At the end of the trial, fasting lipid changes from baseline were greater in the TAF group at week 48 for total cholesterol (+40 vs. +5 mg/dL, p\<0.001), LDL (+26 vs. +4 mg/dL, p\<0.001), HDL (+7 vs. +3 mg/dL, p=0.009), and triglycerides (+29 vs. -5 mg/dL, p=0.007). The total change in total cholesterol:HDL ratio was again comparable between groups (0 vs. -0.2, p=0.15).
* A randomized, active-controlled, open-label study assessed the safety and efficacy of switching virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients from their TDF-based regimen to E/C/F/TAF.8 The study assessed 601 patients who were randomized 2:1 to receiving E/C/F/TAF (n=402) or maintain their current regimen of FTC/TDF plus atazanavir boosted with cobicistat or ritonavir (n=199). Again, patients receiving E/C/F/TAF had statistically significant median increases in total cholesterol (+23 vs. + 5 mg/dL, p\<0.001) and in LDL (+9 vs -1 mg/dL, p\<0.001). Additionally, the proportion of patients who initiated lipid-modifying agents was greater in the E/C/F/TAF group but was not statistically significant (8.5% vs. 5%, p=0.14).
In each trial, it is evident that patients receiving TAF have greater elevations in serum cholesterol levels in comparison to TDF. However, the majority of trials also note that the total cholesterol:HDL ratio appears to be similar among TDF and TAF recipients. This value has been used by investigators to suggest that differences in cardiovascular disease risk are unlikely to be present among TDF and TAF recipients despite considerable increases in total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides levels in TAF recipients. The current ACC/AHA guidelines on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults, do not recommend the use of the total cholesterol:HDL ratio to determine risk for cardiovascular disease.9 Rather, they recommend using the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) scoring system, which incorporates cholesterol values in additional to other factors that influence cardiovascular disease risk. This level of cardiovascular disease risk assessment has not been performed and assessed for TAF and TDF in clinical trials.
The current study is significant because it will add to the current clinical knowledge of TAF in terms of efficacy, safety and tolerability. It will evaluate treatment success when patients have isolated TDF to TAF switches by analyzing virologic and immunologic responses in addition to the need for subsequent regimen changes due to poor tolerability, cost restriction or access limitations. This study will also provide a comprehensive assessment of potential metabolic changes following isolated TDF to TAF changes. This includes changes in the incidence of metabolic syndrome, alterations in cholesterol and cardiovascular disease risk, changes in weight and body mass index (BMI), and changes in glycemic control and renal function.
