Presence of cirrhosis (Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NALFD)/Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) are acceptable),
Previous or planned (during the study period) obesity treatment with surgery (planned surgery ok for the SWL group) or a weight loss device. However, the following are allowed: (1) liposuction and/or abdominoplasty, if performed \> 1 year before screening, (2) lap banding, if the band has been removed \> 1 year before screening, (3) intragastric balloon, if the balloon has been removed \> 1 year before screening or (4) duodenal-jejunal bypass sleeve, if the sleeve has been removed \> 1 year before screening,
A1c \> 8.5% in Bariatric group; A1c ≥ 6.5% for BWL and HWC groups,
Current use of insulin (insulin ok for Surgical Weight Loss group, also called SWL), DPP-4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones or medications known to alter metabolic function (e.g. atypical antipsychotics, corticosteroids),
Pregnancy or breastfeeding,
MRI contraindications (e.g. implanted metal, claustrophobia), or unable to have MRI or fit in MRI scanner
Current smoking/daily use of nicotine containing products (cigarettes, e-cigarettes, vaping or other nicotine containing products) or heavy alcohol use,
Weight \>450 pounds (iDXA limit),
Weight-reduced from lifetime maximum weight by \>16%,
Weight not stable over past 3 months (±10%),
T2D (for BWL or HWC),
Inability to participate in a weight loss program (BWL)
History of eating disorder or current eating disorder, currently enrolled in a weight loss program (ok for the SWL group provided weight stability and lifetime weight-reduced maximum conditions are met) or taking medications to lose weight
Severe food allergies
Any condition that the study physician determines to be unsafe for participation
