The Resistance and Immune Response to Palbociclib in Breast Cancer

The investigators propose to conduct a biomarker and molecular profiling study in longitudinally paired tumor biopsies and serum from patients with Hormone Receptor positive (HR+) metastatic Breast Cancer (BC) treated with Palbociclib(Palbo) in combination with endocrine therapies. The investigators plan to obtain tumor biopsy and blood samples, taken at both pre-treatment and post-progression, from 40 patients who develop acquired resistance to Palbo + endocrine combination treatment. All assays will be conducted in parallel on both pre and post-treatment samples to identify differences that may account for acquired resistance. Cyclin E1 and E2 levels will be assessed by IHC on tumor biopsies. Neuregulin-1 levels will be assessed by ELISA assay on serum. Tumor biopsies will be further profiled using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). Matched blood samples will be subject to WES to facilitate somatic mutation detection. Paired tumor biopsies will undergo immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of TIL markers to assess Palbo-induced changes. Finally, we will apply the in-house circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) assay, which employs a custom-designed panel for studying Palbo acquired resistance, towards the analysis of 40 pairs of plasma samples. The custom ctDNA panel will be extended to include additional mutations identified from this study that confer acquired resistance. To further evaluate the effects of Palbo treatment on intratumoral TILs, the investigators plan to acquire paired tumor biopsy and matched blood samples, at baseline and two time points (6 weeks, 12 weeks) during the course of Palbo treatment, from 20 patients. And they will select metastatic BC patients who exhibit stable diseases (SD) in response to Palbo for tumor biopsies, prior to knowledge of whether post-progression biopsy would be available. Tumor biopsies will be subject to WES, RNA-Seq and IHC analyses. Further, the investigators plan to quantify the abundance of immune cell sub-populations in the matched blood samples using flow cytometry (FACS) to assess Palbo treatment effects on systematic immunity. While on-treatment samples can be collected after 6 weeks and 12 weeks of initiating Palbo treatment, it takes about 18 months on average for initially treated patients with late stage HR+ breast cancers to develop acquired resistance. Only an estimated 40% of relapsed cases will have successful biopsies due to a lack of consent or difficult-to-operate biopsies such as bone-only metastases. Hence, the investigators plan to bank pre-treatment biopsies and blood samples from about 100 patients by Q2 2018 in order to collect 40 post-progression biopsies as matched pairs within the 2-year time frame. FFPE slides will be made from all tumor biopsies, including the 100 cases at baseline, and subject to H\&E staining. The investigators will detect and quantify TILs through machine learning and digital imaging analysis of the H\&E data.