Anti-PD 1 Brain Collaboration + Radiotherapy Extension (ABC-X Study)

1. BACKGROUND The ABC study (NCT02374242) is a phase II clinical trial recruiting 3 cohorts of patients with melanoma brain metastases. 76 patients received immunotherapy with either nivolumab alone or nivolumab combined with ipilimumab. Nivolumab together with ipilimumab was shown to be more effective than nivolumab alone in melanoma brain metastases. The combination will therefore be used in this trial. Findings from pre-clinical and clinical research provides evidence supporting the ability of radiotherapy to induce anti-tumour immune responses and augment the efficacy of anti-PD1 checkpoint blockade in melanoma and provide mechanistic rationale for combined therapy. 2. STUDY DESIGN This current protocol builds on the ABC study and will assess clinical, functional, toxicities and quality of life outcomes with the combined modalities of immunotherapy with radiotherapy to the brain in melanoma patients. The main aim of this study will be to assess the effect of immunotherapy +/- concurrent stereotactic radiotherapy (SRS) on the intracranial death rate at 12 months from the commencement of treatment. Secondary aims include the RECIST response in the brain, extracranially and overall, progression free survival, overall survival, neurocognitive function, adverse event rates and quality of life. The study will recruit 218 patients with asymptomatic, untreated melanoma brain metastases. All patients will be treated with combination ipilimumab and nivolumab at the doses and duration approved by worldwide regulatory authorities for advanced melanoma. All patients will undergo the the SRS treatment planning MRI of the brain PRIOR to randomisation to ensure that the timing of the baseline intracranial measurements are made within a similar timeframe and so that the delineation of tumour volume is accurately recorded in the same way for both cohorts. Patents will be randomised to receive concurrent intracranial SRS (within 7 days of the baseline / planning MRI scan) or immunotherapy alone. At intracranial disease progression, any form of salvage local therapy (radiotherapy or surgery) may be administered to either cohort. Randomisation is 1:1, using a permuted, random block design with stratification by participating centre, LDH (normal / elevated), BRAF (mutant / wild type), 1-2 brain metastases versus \> 2 brain metastases. 3. PRIMARY OUTCOME The neurological specific death rate at 12 months - defined as a proximate cause of death which is a sign, symptom, or diagnosis related to metastatic brain disease. 4. OBJECTIVE RESPONSES A modified version of RECIST will be used to assess response to treatment. The modification allows for up to 5 brain metastastes to be selected as target lesions and a further 5 extracranial lesions. The immune related response criteria (irRC) will also be applied and concordance evaluated with RECIST. The irRC measures the volume of tumour lesions by calculating bi-dimensional measurements of target lesions. 5. NEUROCOGNITIVE ASSESSMENT, FUNCTION AND QUALITY OF LIFE Neurocognitive impairment is a concern in the setting of radiotherapy delivered for brain metastases. The addition of immunotherapy for enhanced local disease control and survival may augment the risks. Quality of life (QoL) assessment is therefore an important objective in clinical trials studying the effects of new interventions, where side effects and tolerability are as important as clinical benefit. Neurocognitive function will be assessed at baseline and every 6 to 12 weeks using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and a neurological assessment of the patient. A member of the study team will be nominated to conduct the MoCA to allow for consistency of delivery of the examination. The MoCA measures six cognitive domains: visuospatial/executive function; naming; memory; language; abstraction; and attention. To decrease the learning effect from multiple administrations of the MoCA over a short period of time, alternate versions have been made available. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) questionnaires are commonly used to assess cancer-related QoL issues. The FACT-Brain (FACT-Br) module provides an additional set of disease-specific questions pertaining to brain neoplasms and is completed by the patient. Neurological assessments wil be made using the structured NANO scale at each physical examination - each neurological domain is subdivided into 3 or 4 levels of function with scores based on discrete quantifiable measures. Thus, levels of function for each domain range from 0 to 2 or 0 to 3. A score of 0 indicates normal function, while the highest score indicates the most severe level of deficit for that domain. Levels of function are distinguished by significant and measurable differences in order to avoid misinterpretation of subtle or nonspecific changes. The EORTC QLQ-C30, an internationally validated cancer-specific QOL-instrument, assesses various facets of functioning, symptoms common in cancer patients and global QOL. The Brain Cancer Module (EORTC QLQ-BN20 is a 20-item supplement for the QLQ-C30 to assess neurological related quality of life and neurological symptoms and is being utilised in the main ABC study. Among the symptoms captured by neurocognitive tests are communication deficits and memory problems. In these cases, a patient-rated QoL tool may not capture the true effects of the disease or the intervention to treat it. Both C30 and BN20 modules have been validated for assessing health-related quality of life and symptoms in patients with brain cancer. General health status will also be measured using the EQ-5D. The EQ-5D is a standardized instrument for use as a measure of self-reported health status. The EQ-5D comprises 5 dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety) and a visual analogue rating scale (VAS). The utility data generated from the EQ-5D is commonly used in cost effectiveness analyses. 6. TOXICITY AND TOLERABILITY Adverse events will be reported using the CTCAE version 5.0 in addition to causality, duration, treatment required and the need for treatment delays or discontinuation. Radionecrosis is an event of clinical interest and will be captured separately. 7. CORRELATIVE BLOOD AND TISSUE BIOMARKER STUDIES Some patients may not benefit from radiation therapy and immunotherapy combinations. Therefore, biomarkers predictive of response. or the lack of it are needed. Extensive correlative analyses of tumoural and peripheral blood immunologic changes will be essential to a better understanding of the mechanistic interactions between these 2 treatment modalities. The differential composition of the gut microbiome has been shown to affect antitumor immunity and immunotherapy efficacy and will also be correlated with response and toxicity. To address this, blood, tissue, stool and urine samples will be obtained. Blood will be collected at baseline, at 1 week of treatment and then 6 to 12 weekly to examine serum chemokines, cytokines, inflammatory markers, lymphocyte and T cell subsets and myeloid derived suppressor cells and to assess correlation with disease response or progression. All Cohorts will be included in this study. In patients with sufficient archival melanoma tissue from metastatic sites, a baseline tumour PD-L1 level, immune markers and genetics of response and resistance will also be measured. If available, tumour tissue following progression of accessible extracranial disease and / or craniotomy will also be tested for immune and genetic markers. Stool samples will be obtained at baseline, at weeks 6 and 12 and at the end of immunotherapy to investigate the gut microbiome composition, diversity and abundance and correlation with the response to immunotherapy and immune-related gastrointestinal toxicity. A baseline evaluation of participants' dietary habits will also be included in these analyses. A reduction in intestinal barrier function is currently believed to play an important role in pathogenesis of many diseases, response to immunotherapy and immune related toxicity. Urinary excretion of two orally-administered non-metabolizable sugars, lactulose and mannitol, is a valuable marker for evaluating intestinal permeability. Patients will collect a urine specimen at baseline to assess this biomarker. 8. CONTINUED SYSTEMIC TREATMENT IN CASES OF PROGRESSIVE DISEASE The application of traditional RECIST criteria (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors) in patients treated with immunotherapy may lead to premature discontinuation of treatment in a patient who will eventually respond to treatment or have prolonged disease stabilization. Disease progression may occur in extracranial lesions whilst patients may continue to have disease stabilisation or response of their intracranial melanoma disease, and vice versa. The patterns of response to treatment with these immunotherapy agents differ from those with molecularly targeted agents or cytotoxic chemotherapy in several important respects: * Patients may have a transient worsening of disease, manifested either by progression of known lesions or the appearance of new lesions, before disease stabilizes or tumour regresses. Therefore caution should be taken in abandoning therapy early. In general these delayed responses are not observed in patients with rapidly progressive, symptomatic disease. * Responses can take appreciably longer to become apparent compared with cytotoxic therapy. Continued disease regression is frequently observed well after completion of the initial induction period. * Some patients who do not meet traditional criteria for objective response can have prolonged periods of stable disease that are clinically significant. An evaluation of data from ipilimumab phase II clinical trials in advanced melanoma found patients characterized as PD at week 12 (by WHO criteria), either by an increase in tumour burden and/or the appearance of new lesions, subsequently experienced an objective response or SD (relative to baseline) without the addition of non-ipilimumab anticancer therapy. Examination of biopsies taken from patients receiving ipilimumab demonstrated that in some small unmeasurable lesions noted at baseline, an increase in size may be interpreted as PD, when instead, this may be due to inflammation due to T cell infiltration. 9. CONTINUED TREATMENT WITH NIVOLUMAB Patients who are found to have RECIST defined intracranial or extracranial progression (or both) from 6 weeks onwards, and who do not have clinical signs or symptoms of progression, may continue on nivolumab and must have a confirmatory scan within 4 to 6 weeks. The date of the original assessment of progression will be used to record progression, and not the date of the confirmatory imaging. Continued immunotherapy treatment is permitted if the treating clinician determines that the patient is still clinically benefiting from immunotherapy and the patient is willing to continue drug treatment. Consideration may be given to stable or good response extra- or intra- cranially with concurrent progression in the other as a scenario that may warrant further treatment. There is growing evidence that patients may not need to be treated with immunotherapies indefinitely, or even for as long as the two years commonly studied in clinical trials. Rather, shorter courses of treatment may be just as effective and provide an option for retreatment should a patient progress after coming off a defined period of therapy. Patients who receive 2 years of immunotherapy have the option to cease treatment at this stage, with an option for a rechallenge of immunotherapy at the time of disease progression, if this occurs with 2 years of initial cessation.