Psychotic disorders, and particularly schizophrenia, are severe psychiatric disorders, characterized by psychotic symptoms (mainly hallucinations and delusions), disorganized speech, thought and behavior, and negative symptoms like blunted affect. People who have schizophrenia are chronically impaired. Schizophrenia is one of the first causes of disability worldwide with enormous direct and indirect costs.
The introduction of antipsychotics revolutionized the treatment and care of schizophrenia patients; remaining the cornerstone of schizophrenia treatment. Although new antipsychotics were introduced, they share the same mechanism of action (dopamine D2 antagonism). To date, nearly one-third to half of the patients still do not or respond poorly to antipsychotic treatment; furthermore, some core symptoms of the disorder are not fully addressed by this type of medication.
Parallel to pharmacological treatments, there has been a steady research in psychological interventions for schizophrenia. Current interventions had a more biologic understanding of the disorder and adopted a diathesis-stress model to explain symptoms and course, incorporating adaptation and adjustment through learned and practiced coping strategies. There are many psychological treatments for schizophrenia, although all are considered roughly equivalent, empirical data shows slight differences in efficacy; in particular, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) yields small to medium sized effects in addition to psychopharmacological treatment.
There are several available manualized psychological group interventions for patients with a schizophrenic psychosis. One the is the "Integrated Psychological Therapy for Schizophrenia Patients (IPT)", it was developed and introduced into clinical practice almost 30 years ago. It combines neurocognitive and social cognitive interventions with social skills and problem- solving approaches, it has been extensively evaluated by several independent groups, in inpatient and outpatient settings as well, showing an overall improvement in participants.
During the last decade, the cognitive section of IPT was further developed, with the "Integrated Neurocognitive Therapy for schizophrenia patients (INT)" was the final result of this process, with the peculiarity that it was designed to fit the needs of outpatients. While IPT focuses predominantly on the domains of speed of processing, attention, reasoning, and problem-solving as well as on emotion and social perception; INT in contrast targets all 11 neuro- and social-cognitive MATRICS-domains. Furthermore, INT uses computerized neurocognitive exercises for restitution. Initial trials seem to confirm INT as a feasible and efficient group therapy approach with the potential to improve functional outcome in schizophrenia outpatients
The investigators, plan investigational trial to assess the efficacy and feasibility of INT for patients with schizophrenia in an inpatient setting. Therefore, an 8-week, randomized, controlled, assessor-blind, three-parallel-arm trial is planned with patients diagnosed with a schizophrenic psychosis. Following baseline assessment, patients will be randomly assigned to either IPT, INT or a control intervention.
All study interventions, i.e.: the experimental intervention, the psychological control intervention, and the control condition will occur simultaneously twice a week to avoid participants from involuntarily switch groups. Therapists of the psychological experimental and control intervention, as well as trainers involved in the control condition, are not involved in the recruitment, assessment, and assignment of participants of the study. Study interventions will be held in group sessions with 6 to 8 participants each; we plan to conduct five such batches till we reach our sample size of at least 30 participants in each intervention arm.
Patients undergoing psychological interventions should have some prerequisites and conditions which make them suitable for the intervention; this, however, is not fully compatible with a random allocation of participants. Through randomization there is the possibility that participants are not able to cope with their assigned treatment; therefore in a pragmatic way patients will be allowed to switch in another treatment arm. Accordingly after two weeks; patients will be reassessed; reallocation will be followed according to predefined criteria for excessive demands or under requirement.
Participants which switch groups should complete the 8-week intervention in the second assigned group. The assessment at week two will be considered their baseline, with subsequent measures eight weeks later analog to those who did not switch treatment groups. For the final analysis and to preserve randomization the data from those who did not switch treatment groups will be analyzed: however data from the switching groups will be analyzed separately in an ITT fashion.
