"Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia remains a major cause of community- or hospital-acquired bloodstream infections with an overall mortality estimated around 25%. Anti-staphylococcal penicillins (APs) such as oxacillin or cloxacillin are recommended as first-line agents. With the exception of first-generation cephalosporin (1GC) such as cefazolin, no alternative has yet proven a similar efficacy: studies evaluating other β-lactams exhibited 2 fold-increased rates of mortality, while a 3 fold-increased mortality rate was observed with vancomycin.
Recently, the safety of APs has been questioned, as both hypersensitivity reactions and renal impairment have been reported to be higher than 10%. Premature discontinuation of APs attributed to adverse events occurred in \>20% of patients treated with high dosing of oxacillin (12g/day) for complicated MSSA bacteremia. This might be linked to the growing number of cumulative comorbid conditions and to ageing. In particular, administration and dosing schedule for APs are not well defined in patients with chronic kidney disease with decreased rate of glomerular filtration. Today, data are missing for renal adjustment.
In addition, stock-outs of essential antimicrobials are more and more frequent. In 2011, the production of the main generic for injectable oxacillin, distributed in France, was stopped. More recently, cloxacillin was also stock-out because of manufacturing problems. A limited production is currently available.
Due to an unfavourable safety profile for high doses used in severe infection, an uneasy dosing schedule in patients with renal failure and possible recurrent stock-out events for APs, alternative to APs are needed.
Cefazolin, intravenous 1GC, is more and more commonly used. Based on several large observational studies, its efficacy is believed to be similar to that of APs both in terms of relapse and mortality, even in complicated cases such as osteo-arthritis or infective endocarditis. The potential hydrolysis of cefazolin by Staphylococcus aureus type A ßlactamases had no clinical impact. These data led the American and European infectious disease Societies to consider cefazolin as the first alternative line agent for treatment of MSSA-associated infective endocarditis. Nevertheless, except for chronic dialysis question, all existing studies assessing the efficacy profiles of cefazolin compared to the APs contain a retrospective design and no randomized clinical trial (RCT) has been performed.
However, in the current context of growing bacterial resistance, especially for third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, the use of cefazolin, which has a large antibacterial spectrum, instead of APs, whose antibacterial spectrum is very narrow, remains to be investigated. Few data are available to assess the impact of cefazolin and APs on the bacterial floras.
This is an open-label, randomized, controlled parallel groups, phase IV, non-inferiority trial comparing the efficacy of cefazolin versus cloxacillin for the treatment of MSSA bacteremia in adults.
The primary objective is to compare the therapeutic efficacy of cefazolin vs cloxacillin at day 90 after the inclusion.
The primary endpoint is a composite efficacy criterion of (at least one of) the following:
* Survival at day 90
* Bacteriologic success at day 5
* Absence of relapse at day 90
* Clinical success at day 90.
Secondary objectives include, according to treatment group:
Efficacy objectives
1. To compare the mortality at day 90
2. To compare the bacteriological efficacy at day 3, at day 5 and at day 90
3. To compare the rate of bacteriologic relapse at day 90
4. To compare the clinical efficacy at day 7 and at day 90
5. To compare the proportions of patients for whom consensual treatment duration is respected Safety objectives
6. To compare the occurrence of any adverse event (AE) at day 7, at the end of studied antibiotic therapy (EoST) and at the end of all antibiotic therapy (EoAT)
7. To compare the occurrence of grade 3 or grade 4 AE at day 7, at EoST and at EoAT
8. To compare the rate of premature discontinuation of studied antibiotic therapy due to the occurrence of an adverse event
9. To compare the occurrence C. difficile infection
Ancillary studies will be performed for evaluating the impact of S. aureus beta lactamases on the effectiveness, for determination of PKPD (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic) parameters of cloxacillin and cefazolin predictive of therapeutic effectiveness, and for comparing cloxacillin and cefazolin impact on the emergence of 3rd generation resistant enterobacteria and on the intestinal microbiota (evaluated by 16 rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene profiling).
Patients with a positive blood culture for Gram-positive cocci and a time-to-positivity ≤20 hours will be assessed for eligibility. The cut-off of 20 hours for the time-to-positivity was chosen according to data from the VIRSTA study, in which about 90% of SAB (staphylococcus aureus bacteremia) were positive in less than 20 hours after blood sampling. Median and 75th percentile were 13 hours and 18 hours after blood sampling. Concordant data have already been reported .
A rapid molecular test for detection of protein A, mecA and mecSCC genes will be performed on the blood culture by GeneXpert real-time PCR, according to the manufacturer's specifications (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA).
Patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus positive blood culture will be randomized after full information and verification of inclusion criteria. Randomization will be stratified on center and vascular access-associated bacteremia with a 1:1 ratio.
There is no limitation on the nature of antibiotics that patients might receive prior to the randomization. However, antibiotic treatment active against MSSA should have begun in the last 48 hours before the randomization.
All patients will undergo transthoracic echocardiography within 7 days following randomization for diagnosing infective endocarditis. Other radiological exams will be performed depending on the clinical suspicion for the origin of bacteremia or for the presence of deep abscess.
According to the guidelines, patients with MSSA bacteremia will be treated with intravenous antimicrobial therapy for 2 weeks. The total treatment duration will be left to the choice of the clinician in charge of the patient but will be not below 14 days. Nevertheless, after 7 days, the nature of the antimicrobial treatment will be let to the choice of the clinician in charge of the patient. Treatment duration according to the final diagnosis will be defined by consensual guidelines. These guidelines are being developed using a methodology inspired by the Delphi method as part of the Tep-Star clinical trial. The coordinating investigator of the Tep-Star trial is Vincent Le Moing and its scientific director is Xavier Duval. Both are members of the scientific committee of this trial. Antimicrobials for switch of the first treatment line will be let to the choice of the investigator in charge of the patient.
Clinical evaluations for efficacy and safety will be performed at day -1, at day 7, at EoAT, and 90 days after the beginning of therapy. Blood cultures for efficacy evaluation will be performed at days 1, 3, 5 and 90. Biological evaluation for safety will be performed at days -1, 1, 3, 7, at EoST, at EoAT and at day 90.
The epidemiology of blaZ β-lactamases will be studied in all strains of S. aureus isolated from the blood culture vials.
The ancillary study of the antibiotic impact on the bacterial flora will be performed on a subgroup of 150 patients (75 in each treatment group). Rectal swabs will be collected just before and at day 7, at EoAT and at day 90.
The pharmacokinetic ancillary study will be performed on a subgroup of 50 patients (25 in each treatment group). For pharmacokinetic calculations, plasma cefazolin and cloxacillin levels will be determined at day 3, just before the 7th administration of cefazolin and the 9th administration of cloxacillin, and 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 hours after the beginning of infusion."
