Automatic Self Transcending Meditation (ASTM) Versus Usual Care in Patients With Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, afflicting an estimated 60.5 million people worldwide. Further, glaucoma is significantly associated with symptoms of depression, altered mood, and anxiety. Meditation, specifically, Automatic Self Transcending Meditation (ASTM) may help reduce depression, anxiety, stress, and may improve quality of life. ASTM is a class of meditation that helps quiet the mind and induces physiological and mental relaxation whilst the eyes are shut. It utilizes a specific sound value (mantra) to draw attention inward and permit the mind to experience a restful but alert state of consciousness. Research suggests that ASTM is easier to learn and to teach. We will offer patients a specific standardized form of ASTM called Sahaj Samadhi Meditation. In this study we shall measure HRQoL of patients with glaucoma in both ASTM and no intervention arms. HRQoL is an essential measure of quality of life related to health; it helps physician identify hidden morbidities in clinical care as well as improves patient-physician communications. However, majority of current ophthalmic literature describes changes in clinical variables with any intervention whilst lacking information on HRQoL. We think there is a high necessity to assess if there is an association between HRQoL and routinely measured clinical data. A primary purpose of this study is to assess if ASTM confers beneficial effects on HRQoL of glaucoma patients compared to a no intervention arm. Additionally, we will assess changes, if any, that ASTM confers on self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms as a secondary outcome measure. PRIMARY HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that in patients with glaucoma ASTM + TAU will lead to significant improvement in HRQoL compared to TAU alone from baseline to 24 weeks after the initial ASTM training. SECONDARY HYPOTHESES: We hypothesize that in patients with glaucoma 1) HRQoL is associated with regularly measured clinical variables 2) ASTM+TAU leads to significant improvement in depression and anxiety symptoms at 24 weeks compared to TAU alone 3) The beneficial effects of ASTM on all studied variables will be sustained at 24 weeks post intervention. STUDY DESIGN: We plan to conduct a single-center, single blind longitudinal randomized controlled trial. Research participants will be 142 men and women (71 in each group). STUDY RECRUITMENT: Potential participants with mild to severe glaucoma as well as glaucoma suspects above the age of 18 years will be screened from the office practice of Dr. Hutnik as per inclusion and exclusion criteria by Dr. Hutnik at the Ivey Eye Institute, London, ON. Letter of information (LOI) will be given to potential participants. An ophthalmic examination - offered as a routine care - for each potential participant (i.e., measuring best-corrected Snellen visual acuity (VA) and pinhole acuities) will be conducted. Data on clinical variables such as visual field and optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements, including central macular thickening, will be obtained. Questionnaire: Patients will undergo a standardized interview performed by a trained interviewer to measure HRQoL using the time trade-off method (TTO). During the first office visit only, also a screening visit, in the interview, patients will be asked demographic questions including age, gender, and associated medical conditions, such as concurrent ocular conditions, ocular disease other than glaucoma, previous ocular surgery, inflammation, intraoperative complications, preoperative ocular pathology, chronic pain, general diseases that could affect the immune system, and actual infection. In addition, patients will be asked about co-morbidities such as, whether they have high blood pressure, diabetes, arthritis, heart condition, stroke, and other non-ocular medical conditions. Further, the following self-rated scales will be administered at the first office visit: Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ). RANDOMIZATION: Participants will be randomized to either ASTM + TAU or TAU alone equally (1:1) using computer generated randomization numbers available at random.org. A telephone number will be available for study concerns/queries. Pre-randomized information will be stored using unique de-identifiers and downloaded on a secure database. It will not be possible to blind participants to intervention status. Outcome assessors and investigators will be blinded to treatment. It will not be possible to blind participants or staff providing treatment to the intervention status. TREATMENT ARMS: 1. ASTM: Following the initial measurements (common to both ASTM and control group), participants in the ASTM group will undergo ASTM training in groups of 10 or more by certified teachers under the supervision of one of the study collaborator at a room in St. Joseph's Hospital or at the Ivey Eye Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON. This involves participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each of four consecutive days. This will be followed by weekly 60-75 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks and bi-weekly follow-up sessions for 13 to 24 weeks. Participants will be required to attend 75% of weekly, and 80% of bi-weekly sessions. In addition, participants will be asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants will be asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Further, the following self-rated scales will be administered by a trained rater at the fourth ASTM session (week 0) as well as at weeks 12, and 24: TTO, VFQ-25, PHQ-9, GAD-7. 2. Control Intervention: Participants randomized to control arm (Treatment as Usual, TAU) will continue to receive their treatment as usual including glaucoma medications. They will follow assessment and study procedures as listed below. Following a duration of week 24 into the study participants in TAU arm will also be offered the opportunity to learn ASTM. No study procedures will be applied or any other information collected during this period. STUDY RECRUITMENT: We anticipate to recruit participants at a rate of at least 2 participants/week over a period of 36 weeks allowing attainment of sample size of n=71. There is no obligation for the participants to take part in the study; all participation is voluntary. PRIMARY (HRQoL) measures at first office visit: Patients from both arms will undergo a standardized interview performed by a trained interviewer to measure HRQoL at the first office visit and study visits (week 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 weeks). SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES (first office visit and study visits: week 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24): VFQ-25, PHQ-9, and GAD-7 will be assessed by a trained interviewer at the first office visit plus the study visit days (week 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24). Note that the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 are self-rated scales and participants will be asked to complete these in presence of the rater. ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL CONDITIONS: Individual patients will be withdrawn from the study interventions if it appears that to continue would be deleterious for their mental health or safety. This can be determined by the patient, the treating clinician and/or the research team and will be supported using the PHQ-9 particularly if there is an increase in the score. Variable Specification: A dependent variable is created based on the HRQoL, an interval scale variable taking values between 0.0 and 1.0. Independent variables: Visual acuity in a better-seeing eye, visual field, optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements, and patients' demographic characteristics, including age, gender, and associated medical conditions are the independent variables. Visual field, optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements, and patients' demographic characteristics, including age, are considered as continuous variables. Gender is categorized as male and female and associated medical conditions are categorized as "current medical conditions," which includes concurrent ocular conditions, inflammation; "other diseases," which includes ocular diseases other than glaucoma, chronic pain, general diseases that could affect the immune system, and actual infection; and "medical history," which includes previous ocular surgery, preoperative ocular pathology, and intraoperative complications. Data Grouping: Based on BCVA, study participants will be grouped to visual acuity in better seeing eye (group 1, 20/20 to 20/40; group 2, 20/50 to 20/100; group 3, 20/200 to no light perception). Better seeing will be used since a correlation has been shown between utility score and better seeing eye. These 3 groups were chosen since group 1 represents legal driving vision, group 2 represents moderate visual acuity loss, and group 3 represents legal blindness. Data Analysis: As has been done in many other studies, HRQoL will be calculated by dividing the number of years a patient is willing to trade in return for improved quality of life by the estimated numbers of years of remaining life subtracted by 1.0. Mean, standard deviation, and 95% confidence interval for continuous variables such as visual field, OCT measurements, age, and utility value, will be calculated. For categorical variables, visual acuity in the better-seeing eye, gender, and associated medical conditions, proportions will be calculated. The chi-square test statistic for independence will be used to compare unwillingness to trade time in TTO. The unpaired, two-tailed Student t-test will be used to evaluate the effect of visual acuity in the better eye in four groups and gender on mean of time trade-off utility values. Non-response issues: Non-respondent patients' characteristics will be compared with respondent patients,' and if they do not appear to be statistically significantly different, then these results will be generalized to the sample and population. Data will be analyzed using STATA Software (Version 12.0). The unit of analysis is the HRQoL. Univariate and bivariate analysis will be performed for each independent variable against the dependent variable to elicit the impact of each factor on the pattern of HRQoL without adjusting for the effect of other variables. Models will be deemed statistically significant if they are associated with a significant F value (p \< 0.01) and if they explain over 15% variability of the dependent variable. Only those independent variables that are statistically significantly associated with the HRQoL (p \< 0.05) will be used for model construction. Since the dependent variable is continuous, we plan to use a non-linear regression model to assess the effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable, while controlling for the confounders. Multicollinearity, high correlation between independent variables, and interaction effects will be evaluated for the model. Validation Analysis: Validation will be performed on the developed NLR model. The collected data will be divided into two portions: one portion, called the "main data," will contain 80% of the samples of the total collected utility values and its associated data; the other portion, called the "test data," will contain the remaining 20%. Validation will be done using test data but having the same coefficient values as the main data to calculate the percentage of correct cases.