Brain, Cardiac Hemodynamics and Cognition During Exercise in Subjects With Various Cardiovascular Profiles

Exclusion Criteria

• •For healthy subjects:
• •lack of expressed written consent
• •metabolic syndrome
• •coronary heart disease
• •chronic systolic heart failure
• •resting left ventricular ejection fraction \< 40 %
• •symptomatic aortic stenosis
• •chronic atrial fibrillation
• •malignant exertional arrhythmias
• •non-cardiopulmonary limitation to exercise (e.g: arthritis or claudication)
• •severe exercise intolerance.
• •For patients with MetS:
• •lack of expressed written consent
• •coronary heart disease
• •chronic systolic heart failure
• •resting left ventricular ejection fraction \< 40 %
• •symptomatic aortic stenosis
• •chronic atrial fibrillation
• •malignant exertional arrhythmias
• •non-cardiopulmonary limitation to exercise (e.g: arthritis or claudication)
• •severe exercise intolerance.
• •For patients with CHD
• •lack of expressed written consent
• •recent acute coronary event (\< 3 months)
• •chronic systolic heart failure
• •resting left ventricular ejection fraction \< 40 %
• •symptomatic aortic stenosis
• •severe non-revascularizable coronary disease including left main coronary stenosis
• •patient awaiting coronary artery bypass surgery
• •chronic atrial fibrillation
• •presence of permanent ventricular pacemaker
• •malignant exertional arrhythmias
• •non-cardiopulmonary limitation to exercise (e.g: arthritis or claudication)
• •severe exercise intolerance.
• •For CHF patients:
• •Any relative or absolute contraindications to exercise training among patients with stable chronic heart failure according to current recommendations (Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation 2001)
• •Fixed-rate pacemaker or ICD devices with heart rate limits set lower than the exercise training target heart rate.
• •Major cardiovascular event of procedure within the 3 months preceding enrolment in the study.
• •Atrial fibrillation
• •Heart failure secondary to significant uncorrected primary valvular disease (except for mitral regurgitation secondary to LV dysfunction)
• •Heart failure secondary to congenital heart disease or obstructive cardiomyopathy.