Improvement of Outcomes in Draf III/Endoscopic Modified Lothrop Procedure

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disorder affecting the sinonasal mucosa. Chronic symptoms include facial pain and pressure, nasal airway obstruction, anosmia and nasal discharge (sometimes purulent), in addition to significant effects on overall quality of life. The cost of CRS is estimated to be approximately $4 billion per year and results in over 20 million physician visits per year. The frontal sinuses are paired paranasal sinuses housed superiorly and anteriorly in the frontal bone on each side, separated by an inter-sinus septum which is contiguous with the nasal septum. The frontal sinuses, like the other paranasal sinuses, can be affected in chronic rhinosinusitis, with inflammation of the frontal sinus outflow tract causing obstruction and subsequent symptoms. First line therapy involves medical therapy often with combination of antibiotics, nasal saline irrigation, topical and/or systemic corticosteroids, with endoscopic sinus surgical therapy reserved for patients with persistent symptoms after medical therapy. Surgical therapy of the frontal sinus is the most technically demanding aspect of endoscopic sinus surgery, and due to this, surgical dissection of the frontal sinuses has been discouraged in the past. Otolaryngology textbooks also emphasize that chronic frontal sinus disease may be related to unnecessary instrumentation of the frontal recess. With recent advances in endoscopic sinus surgery and the advent of balloon sinusotomy, the rate of frontal sinus surgery has more than doubled from 2000 to 2009. Primary frontal sinus surgery can be approached with balloon dilation or by endoscopic sinusotomy. Endoscopic sinusotomy of the frontal sinus involves increasing the size of the frontal recess with anterior ethmoidectomy and removal of the agger nasi cell anteriorly, and any frontal cells that may be present. Frontal sinus surgery is effective, as evidenced by a recent study analyzing long-term results after primary frontal sinus surgery showing a patency rate of 92% in a nearly 2-year average follow up period. Refractory frontal sinusitis can be addressed surgically through external or 'extended' endonasal approaches. Historically, external approaches were first utilized, with introduction of osteoplastic flap techniques by Brieger in the 1890s. Lothrop introduced the Lothrop Procedure in 1914 which required an osteoplastic flap with removal of the frontal sinus floor and intersinus septum along with the upper aspect of the nasal septum to create a unified drainage pathway for the frontal sinuses. In the 1950s, Montgomery popularized the frontal sinus obliteration through osteoplastic flap approach leaving the frontal sinuses permanently non-functional through obliteration with fat or other materials. Though these external approaches often had high success rates, they require extensive dissection and are associated with a high morbidity and complication rate upwards of 20%. These complications included dural exposure, dural laceration with cerebrospinal fluid leak, orbital injury, forehead numbness, osteomyelitis and mucocele formation. In 1991, Wolfgang Draf described an endoscopic approach to create a common drainage pathway akin to the Lothrop procedure which is now called the Endoscopic Modified Lothrop (EMLP) or Draf III procedure. Currently, the EMLP provides an endoscopic alternative for persistent frontal sinus disease after initial frontal sinusotomy, prior to consideration of frontal sinus obliteration through an osteoplastic flap approach. The EMLP involves drilling out the frontal sinus ostia on both sides and combining them through a superior septectomy, creating a large common drainage pathway for the two frontal sinuses. The EMLP offers reduced morbidity, shorter hospital stay, improved cosmetics, reduced blood loss and preservation of a functional frontal sinus. One meta-analysis study of 18 observational studies showed a restenosis rate of 19% and an overall failure rate of 13.9% (with failure defined as requiring revision surgery), with failure rates ranging from 0-33%. Restenosis of the frontal sinus ostium after EMLP is often attributed to a combination of scarring, adhesions or neo-osteogenesis, which occurs secondary to exposed bone after the surgical procedure. The exposed osteitic bone is believed to act as a source for inflammation and osteoblastic activity. Persistent mucosal disease has also been postulated as a contributor to postoperative stenosis after EMLP. Prevention of restenosis has been attempted with use of stents or medical therapy with topical application of mitomycin C and steroids with variable results. Recent studies have attempted to address this issue by using mucosal grafts to cover the exposed frontal bone after EMLP. These studies describe using free or pedicled mucosal grafts from various sites in the nasal cavity to cover the bare bone exposed after EMLP drill out procedure. Two studies reported results using free mucosal grafts to cover the exposed bone and showed encouraging results, with patency rates 95% and 100%. Another study using a pedicled flap based off the anterior ethmoidal artery showed no restenosis in 4 patients. These studies utilize mucosa mostly from the nasal septum at the region of the superior septectomy which would otherwise be discarded, but they do also report use of inferior turbinate mucosa harvesting. Though minimal morbidity related to mucosal harvest was reported, any mucosal harvest from sites other than the operative site has the potential for creating additional postoperative morbidity. In addition, use of mucosa from a diseased mucosal cavity may not be optimal. Reducing rates of restenosis and failure in EMLP will allow for improved outcomes following this procedure and may prevent progression to more invasive and extensive surgical procedures. This study will utilize a proprietary porcine intestinal submucosa graft Cook Biodesign™ ENT Repair graft to cover the exposed bone on the nasofrontal beak region following EMLP in order to evaluate its effects on mucosal healing and reduction of restenosis rates of the surgically augmented frontal sinus ostium after the Endoscopic Modified Lothrop Procedure. The Cook Biodesign™ ENT Repair for nasal mucosal replacement has been in use for sinonasal surgery since its Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2013. The Cook Biodesign™ ENT Repair graft is FDA approved for prescription use to "separate tissue or structures compromised by surgical trauma, help control minimal bleeding, and act as an adjunct to aid in the natural healing process. The device is indicated for use where an open wound dressing material is required in the nasal and/or sinus cavities following nasal and/or sinus surgery where separation of tissues or structures is desired." The use of xenograft material in the method proposed in this submission has not been studied extensively. However, using free mucosal grafts or pedicled mucosal flaps after EMLP as previously discussed, have shown promise. The Cook Biodesign™ has been used preliminarily with patients in this proposed setting with good anecdotal results, including reduced crusting and good postoperative outcomes, however, its use has not yet been formally evaluated. The Cook Biodesign™ graft has several advantages over using native mucosal grafts: it is readily available and does not require harvest thus reducing operative times and potential morbidity from mucosa harvest sites, it is thinner than sinus mucosa and handled with ease, and it has tissue characteristics that promote wound healing. With the Cook Biodesign™, our hypothesis is that its use after EMLP surgery will allow for reduction of exposed bone in the sinonasal cavity and thus reduce inflammation, crusting and ultimately reduce restenosis and failure rates. Additionally, we hypothesize that reduction of crusting and inflammation will lead to improved patient reported symptom and quality of life scores on the Sinonasal Outcomes Test-22 (SNOT-22) questionnaire.