MYPLAN -mobile phone application to manage crisis of persons at risk of suicide:
a multi-center, superiority randomized clinical trial.
Andreasson K, Krogh J, Frandsen H, Buus N, Bech. P Nordentoft M, Erlangsen A Background
In Denmark, there are 8-10,000 people who attempt suicide on a yearly basis1. Suicide ideation is a part of a continuum, where initial suicidal ideation might develop into concrete plans and actions, depending on the suicidal intent suicidal actions might end as suicide attempts or completed suicide2 . Therefore, in order to prevent suicidal behavior and suicides, it is important to avoid or reduce suicide ideation; i.e. securing better control of painful thoughts and the suicidal behavior. This can be done with a safety plan. The safety plan has been developed as a cognitive therapeutic intervention applied empirically in some earlier studies 345. The safety plan can be considered as a part of a cognitive behavior therapeutic intervention, which reduces the suicidal risk and consists of basic components, such as 1) recognizing warning signs of an upcoming suicidal crisis, 2) work with internal coping strategies, 3) distraction from suicidal thoughts, by the use of social contacts and social settings6. This can be done by removing assess of lethal means, and self-monitoring the triggers of the "suicidal mode"7.
To prevent suicidal behavior, The National Board of Health has established Suicide Prevention Clinics nationwide in Denmark. The clinics offering highly specialized short-term supportive psychotherapy and social counselling for suicidal patients in an outpatient setting. The target group is a subsample of all persons with severe suicide ideation or suicide attempts as the clinics focus on persons at risk of suicide who do not have severe underlying psychiatric disorders that required psychiatric admission or specialized treatment8. Some clinics are specialized in children and adolescents and will offer support patients young as 10 years of age. The safety plan is an integral part of the treatment and all patient works with during the first sessions.
Hypothesis The hypothesis of this trial is that an app-based safety plan is more effective than a paper version of a safety plan in reducing suicide ideations in suicidal patients.
Purpose
The purpose of this trial is to investigate if a safety plan delivered as an app compared to a safety plan delivered by paper, can reduce suicide ideation after 12 months intervention in patients referred to Suicide Prevention Clinics.
Methods/design
The trial is designed as a 2-arm, multi-site, parallel group, observer-blinded randomized clinical superiority trial. Based on a power calculation, a total of 546 participants, 273 in each arm will be included, recruited from national suicide preventive clinics. Both groups will receive treatment as usual consisting of short term psychotherapy and social counselling: 1) Experimental intervention the safety plan provided as the app MYPLAN, or 2) Treatment as Usual (TAU): the safety plan in the original paper format.
Recruitment and criteria for inclusion and exclusion
All participants will be recruited through the Suicide Prevention Clinics in Denmark. The patients are referred from somatic and psychiatric wards after suicide attempts, general practitioners, and can also refer themselves to the suicide preventive clinics. There is no age restriction on participation in the study.
Enrollment and randomization
At the first visits at the Suicide Prevention Clinic, eligible participants will receive oral and information about the study as well as an information pamphlet. They will be offered time for reflection and possibility to have renewed appointment at the clinic together with a relative, before answering. If the patient fulfils all the inclusions criteria and none of the exclusion criteria, the patient will be randomized using a computer-generated sequence randomization to either 1) Treatment as usual plus app: treatment as usual plus the safety plan app, or 2) treatment as usual pus safety plan on paper. The randomization will be stratified by gender and previous self-harm (yes/no), and will be facilitated through an external, centrally administered internet service. The clinician working the Suicide Prevention Clinics, will by accessing the internet obtain information on the patients allocation (safety plan either as an app or paper version), immediately after the patients has provided informed consent. This procedure will ensure adequate allocation concealment.
Blinding Due to the nature of the intervention, a blinding of participants and clinicians is not possible, but outcome assessment and analyses will be carried out with blinding of treatment allocation. All data will be collected through questionnaires (SurveyXact) secured on an encrypted server. The analyses will be performed by blinded scientists.
Interventions Treatment as Usual (TAU): Participants allocated to the treatment at usual will receive up to 8-10 sessions of supportive psychotherapy as part of the standard care of the suicide preventive clinics. Each of the clinics apply different or combined therapies including cognitive, problem-solving, crisis, dialectical behavior, integrated care, psychodynamic, systemic, psychoanalytic approaches, and/or social counselling. A uniform treatment algorithm is not followed; elements are chosen on the basis of what is deemed the most promising strategy in each individual case. As an integral part of the therapy the clinical fill in a safety plan with the patient by reviewing what are signs of situations where crises occur and what has previously worked as strategies of distraction as well as help-seeking. The safety plan is presented to the patient using a comparable manual-based instruction. Participants randomized to the paper format will write the safety plan on a sheet of paper and bring home the original while the clinical keeps a copy together with the medical records of the patient.
Experimental intervention: Participants allocated to the experimental intervention will receive the treatment as usual, and have an introduction to the app-based safety plan MYPLAN. Using the instruction manual, the clinician will review previous crisis situations and possible strategies.
See figure 1. CONSORT flow diagram
Outcomes
Primary outcome will be measured as the difference in suicide ideation before entering the trial and after 12 month participation in the trial. This is measured by Becks suicide ideation scale (BSS 21-items). The outcome is considered as a proxy measure for suicide attempt and completed suicide.
Secondary outcomes are: hopelessness (Becks Hopelessness Scale, BHS), depressive symptoms (Major depression Inventory, MDI).
Exploratory outcomes We have chosen some exploratory outcomes such as, quality of life measured by WHO Well-being Index, (WHO-5), user satisfaction will be measured by modified User satisfaction Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8), self-harm (self-reported), mortality, admission to psychiatric or somatic emergency wards, and other somatic and psychiatric hospital registers data.
Patient reported outcomes measures (PROM) These are collected at baseline and follow-up through self-administered tablet-/ internet-based questionnaires. Follow-ups will be conducted at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after date of inclusion. Participants will receive an e-mail with a link to an online survey. Respondents can log on to a secure data portal, SurveyXact, with their personal trial id-number and answers to questionnaires are collected.
The register-based outcomes such as mortality, suicide attempt, somatic and usage of somatic and mental health care services will be assessed at 12 and 24 months by obtaining data extract from above listed registries.
Statistical analysis
The primary outcome is the mean change in Becks Suicide Ideation scale at 6 months. We expect that participants in the intervention group at 6 months score 2.5 points lower compared to participants in the TAU group. Based on previous publication we expect a post-intervention SD of 9. Setting the alpha level to 5 percent and the beta level to 10 percent we need to include 273 participants for each group to a total of 546 participants.
Analysis of the primary outcome will be conducted according to intention-to-treat principle: all participants will be included in final analysis according to group assignment regardless of adherence to treatment. This study has multiple assessment points and for the primary analysis we will use repeated measurements in a mixed model with unstructured variance. This procedure is able to handle baseline differences and missing data. For participants with missing data in two or more data points we will identify potential differences to participants with full data and use include these variables as potential confounders in secondary analysis.
All statistical analysis will be conducted in SPSS. All tests will be two-tailed and p values below 0.5 will be considered significant and interpreted with respect to hierarchy of hypothesis.
Pilot study/feasibility test
Prior to study being a pilot study will be carried out in one of the sites. The aim is to make the pilot study as similar to the trial as possible. A total of 40 participant will be recruited, 20 in each arm. The randomization and other technical and practical procedures will be tested. Clinicians will present the safety plan as described above using a manual-based instruction. The participants will be followed for 3 months. Data on all scales listed as outcomes will be collected; at the time of enrollment by tablet and at end of follow-up by email.
Ethical considerations The trial will be approved by the Regional Ethics Committee in the Capital Region of Denmark and the Danish Data Protection agency. The trial is registered under Clinicaltrials.gov as NCT. In accordance to with the Consort guidelines, we will publish positive, neutral and negatives findings in the trial. The patients will be informed about the trial both verbally and written information before signing the written consent. They are offered time for consideration and they can have a renew appointment together with a spouse, before signing the written consent. It will be stressed that participation are voluntary. Participation and the written consent can be withdrawn at any time.
Organization and economy The trial is led by postdoctoral researcher Kate Andreasson Aamund, Psychiatric Centre North Zealand in close collaboration with Danish Research Institute for Suicide Prevention (DRIPS), Mental Health Center Copenhagen and the Suicide Prevention Clinics. The patient recruitment will be done through the Danish Suicide Prevention Clinics in Denmark. The project has received funding from the Danish non-profit foundation (TrygFonden).
Analyses and results are expected in summer 2018
