Behavioral Symptom Management Program for Breast Cancer in Singapore and The US

Advanced breast cancer refers to metastatic or stage-IV breast cancer, and is associated with the highest cancer mortality and morbidity rates among women. Top symptom complaints reported by patients with advanced breast cancer include fatigue, low mood and worries, and pain. These symptoms frequently co-occur, with presence of stress hormones suggested to be a common mechanism. Greater symptoms of psychological distress (defined as anxiety and depression), pain, and fatigue is associated with decreased quality of life, and adds to the burden and suffering of patients coping with advanced breast cancer. Unfortunately these symptoms are sometimes overlooked and not adequately addressed. This is in turn is associated with increased utilization of healthcare services such as emergency department visits and frequent hospital admissions. There is a critical need for patients with advanced breast cancer to learn strategies to self-manage common symptoms. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a widely used,evidence-based therapy that focuses on cognitions, emotions, and behavior change. The cognitive-behavioral framework has been successfully applied in treatment of many disorders, including anxiety disorders, depression, chronic pain, and insomnia. It is posited that CBT protocols can be designed to meet the needs of advanced breast cancer patients by targeting and modifying maladaptive thoughts about the disease and treatment (e.g., irrational beliefs, unrealistic expectations) and their behavior (e.g., maladaptive coping strategies, isolation, self-negligence). These protocols are designed to teach patients strategies to increase their sense of self-efficacy to manage multiple symptoms may be helpful in alleviating psychological and physical suffering. The efficacy of CBTs for early-stage cancer has been well-documented; however the role of CBTs for late-stage cancer is less clear, particularly in a multi-symptom context. Furthermore, although CBT protocols are more widely used in the US, their use as part of oncologic care in Asia has been limited.