Breast cancer is the commonest cancer in women worldwide with an estimated 1.4 million new diagnoses in 2008 and 1.6 million cases estimated for 2015. In 2008 breast cancer was responsible for approximately 23% of all new cancer diagnoses in women. It is also the commonest cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide: in 2008 some 458,500 women died from breast cancer, with a further 538,500 projected for 2015.
In developed countries most breast cancers (in 94%-95% of patients in the EU and USA) are diagnosed while the tumour is confined to the breast - with or without locoregional lymph node involvement. At this early breast cancer (EBC) stage the disease is normally operable and can be treated curatively. Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is less common and occurs in 5%-6% of newly diagnosed cases. Despite advances in the treatment of EBC approximately 30% of women develop local recurrence or metastases. In the USA and Europe patients with MBC survive for a mean 24 months and have a 5 year survival rate of 18%-23%.
Between 18% and 20% of breast cancers show HER2 amplification and/or HER2 receptor overexpression. Such patients have a poor prognosis on conventional treatment. The HER2 receptor is a protein belonging to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. The HER family consists of four structurally similar receptors - HER1/EGFR, HER2, HER3, HER4 - and regulates cell processes such as differentiation, invasion, proliferation, neoangiogenesis, survival and metastatic potential. In breast cancer HER2 positivity is associated with more aggressive tumours, higher relapse rates, lower and shorter treatment response and increased mortality.
Systemic treatment options in MBC include chemotherapy along with hormonal and targeted approaches. Tumor properties and patient-specific factors determine the choice of treatment.
In HER2-positive MBC trastuzumab for many years was the reference first-line treatment. Treatment-naive HER2-positive patients with MBC treated with trastuzumab and taxane chemotherapy showed significantly longer median time to progression (TTP), higher objective response rates (ORR) and longer median response and median survival than patients treated with chemotherapy alone. Although trastuzumab has proved effective in combination with chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of patients with HER2-positive MBC, approximately 50% of patients experience disease progression within one year of starting treatment. Mean survival in HER2-positive patients in the pivotal studies of trastuzumab in combination with a taxane was 24.8 and 31.2 months.
Therefore there is high medical need for novel HER2-targeted therapies to improve survival outcomes in patients with HER2-positive MBC.
An essential step in activating downstream signalling pathways is homo or heterodimerisation of the HER2 receptor with the other member of the HER family. Inhibition of HER2 dimerisation inhibits the downstream signalling pathways that mediate cancer cell proliferation and survival. Pertuzumab, a humanised monoclonal antibody, is the first HER2 dimerisation inhibitor (HDI). It binds specifically to the extracellular dimerisation domain of the HER2 receptor, thereby inhibiting ligand-dependent heterodimerisation of the receptor with other HER family members. Pertuzumab actually inhibits ligand-activated intracellular signal transduction in two main signalling pathways - the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Inhibition of these signalling pathways can arrest cell growth and cause apoptosis. Pertuzumab also mediates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Pertuzumab and trastuzumab bind to different epitopes on the HER2 receptor. Their mechanisms of action complement each other to ensure more comprehensive blockade of HER2-dependent signalling pathways.
The phase III, multicentre, randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical CLEOPATRA trial compared pertuzumab plus trastuzumab plus docetaxel vs placebo plus trastuzumab plus docetaxel in 808 patients with HER2-positive metastatic, locally recurrentor inoperable breast cancer. Patients may have received one hormonal treatment for metastatic breast cancer before randomization. Patients may have received adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without trastuzumab before randomization, with an interval of at least 12 months between completion of the adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy and the diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer. Randomised patients were stratified by previous treatment status (with or without previous adjuvant/neoadjuvant therapy) and geographic location (Europe, North America, South America and Asia). Pertuzumab was given intravenously at a starting dose of 840 mg followed by a dose of 420 mg every 3 weeks. Trastuzumab was given intravenously at a starting dose of 8 mg/kg followed by a dose of 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Patients were treated with pertuzumab plus trastuzumab until disease progression, withdrawal of consent to participation or the development of uncontrollable toxicity. Docetaxel was given as an intravenous infusion at a starting dose of 75 mg/m² every 3 weeks for at least 6 cycles. If the starting dose was well-tolerated, the dose of docetaxel could be increased up to 100 mg/m² at the investigator's discretion.
The primary study endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), assessed by an independent review facility (IRF) and defined as the interval between randomisation and disease progression or death (from any cause), where death occurred within 18 weeks of the last disease assessment. The secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), (investigator-rated) PFS, objective response rate (ORR), duration of response and time to progression (TTP).
Demographic characteristics were evenly balanced (mean age was 54 years, most \[59%\] were Caucasian and all but two were female). In each treatment group approximately half the patients had hormone (estrogen or progesterone) receptor-positive disease and had received previous adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy (184 patients \[45.8%\] in the pertuzumab group vs 192 patients \[47.3%\] in the placebo group). Most (37.3% and 40.4%, respectively) had previously received anthracyclines and approximately 10% had previously received trastuzumab (11.7% and 10.1%). A total 43% of patients from both groups had received prior radiotherapy. The mean baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 64.8% in the pertuzumab group and 65.6% in the placebo group (median 65.0%, range 50%-88% in the two groups).
The CLEOPATRA study showed statistically significant improvement of IRF-rated PFS in the pertuzumab group vs placebo (hazard ratio \[HR\]=0.62; 95% CI=0.51; 0.75, p\<0.0001) and an increase in median PFS of 6.1 months. Median PFS was 18.5 months in the pertuzumab group vs 12.4 months in the placebo group. Moreover, CLEOPATRA showed statistically significant improvement of overall survival in the pertuzumab group vs placebo (hazard ratio \[HR\]=0.68; 95% CI=0.56; 0.84, p\<0.0002) and an increase in median OS of 15.7 months. Median OS was 56.5 months in the pertuzumab group vs 40.8 months in the placebo group.
Despite the clear benefit of a combination therapy of pertuzumab plus trastuzumab plus docetaxel when compared with a combination therapy of trastuzumab and docetaxel the study populations of the CLEOPATRA study might be slightly different from a patient population, in which pertuzumab, plus trastuzumab plus docetaxel or trastuzumab plus docetaxel are applied in routine clinical practice.
This non-interventional approach aims to confirm the clinically relevant outcomes shown in the phase III CLEOPATRA study in patients with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer in routine practice. Data on efficacy, safety, tolerability and quality of life will be documented for this purpose.
