Overall Objectives:
To evaluate the physiological differences between quinine-saline irrigations vs. saline-placebo irrigations for acute exacerbation of uncomplicated chronic rhinosinusitis following endoscopic sinus surgery. A secondary objective is to determine if the use of quinine is efficacious as an alternative therapy to treat bacterial rhinosinusitis.
Background:
Sinusitis is a common disorder accounting for an estimated 13 million physician office visits in the United States each year. The aggregated cost of sinusitis is approximately $8 billion annually, affecting an estimated 16% of the population in the United States. Despite multiple attempted treatments, including an estimated 550,000 surgeries per year, the disease continues to be a major health problem, both in expenditures and poor quality of life. Recent analysis of data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 2006 to 2010 showed that rhinosinusitis accounted for more outpatient antibiotic prescriptions in adults than any other diagnosis.
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) represents a considerable subset of this population and accounts for a significant portion of expenditures and the vast majority of surgeries. It is defined as signs and symptoms of sinusitis lasting more than 12 weeks. Unlike the organisms responsible for acute rhinosinusitis, difficult to treat bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Stenotrophomonas multiformia are often offending pathogens in CRS. Their prevalence increases in those patients who have already had sinus surgery and continue to get recurring sinus infections. Staph aureus and gram-negative organisms have been shown to account for roughly 60% of infections in those patients who have previously undergone endoscopic sinus surgery. Due to increasing drug resistance as well as the potential for biofilm formation, there has been an increasing pressure from both patients and clinicians alike to develop alternative treatments to systemic antibiotics. One commonly used alternative in patients who have had previous sinus surgery is topical saline irrigation with and without other topical preparations. Topical irrigations have much greater paranasal sinus penetration in post surgical patients. Commonly used topical preparations include: saline alone or saline mixed with mupirocin, gentamicin, tobramycin, ceftazadine, betadine, manuka honey, baby shampoo, budesonide or mometasone.
The investigators have recently identified a novel arm of upper airway innate immunity mediated by bitter taste receptors. When a subset of airway bitter taste receptors are activated they stimulate the respiratory epithelium to generate nitric oxide, an important component of sinus innate immunity that increases mucociliary clearance as well as diffuses into the mucus where it is bactericidal. A topical therapy to activate these taste receptors may help the sinuses clear infections through this natural innate defense mechanism. While the investigators have identified multiple bitter compounds that stimulate this response, quinine piqued our interest as it activates multiple bitter taste receptors and has already been used in the human nose.
