The evaluation of pediatric liver disease continues to be a major focus of research both in well-characterized liver diseases and in liver fibrosis secondary to obesity. The degree of fibrosis is generally well-accepted as both a measurement of disease severity and a prognostic indicator. Unfortunately, the current gold standard to assess fibrosis remains a liver biopsy, which, in addition to anesthesia risks and sampling errors, can result in profound hemorrhage, infections, and even mortality. Standard and reliable noninvasive biomarkers of hepatic fibrosis in the pediatric population are greatly needed. Sonoelastography has emerged as a method of evaluating liver disease. Three methods of quantitative sonoelastography are currently in use.
Transient elastography is an M-mode based sonographic technique in which a mechanical vibrator creates a low-frequency wave causing shear stress in the tissue at a fixed depth in the target tissue. It has gained widespread use in evaluation of liver fibrosis in the adult population (Fibroscan); however, its use has great limitations in the pediatric population as it does not use real-time ultrasonography (B mode) and has a fixed depth in which the measurement is taken. The lack of real-time imaging makes it impossible to accurately select an area for appropriate sampling, and the fixed depth is not appropriate for very young children with smaller livers. Also, the shock wave that is administered has not been tailored for use in young children. Furthermore, this technique is very unreliable in patients that are obese or who have ascites.
Other methods of sonoelastography include Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging (ARFI) and Shear Wave Elastography (SWE). The latter is also known as supersonic shear wave imaging. Both of these techniques use real-time ultrasonography and administer focused high-intensity, short-duration (acoustic radiation) pulses to produce shear waves in the target tissue. Neither technique is limited by the presence of ascites as the shear waves propagate through the fluid. ARFI uses a single pushing beam to generate the shear waves, and the propagation of those shear waves are monitored using conventional pulse-echo ultrasound at various off-axis lateral locations. The speed of the shear wave in the tissue is determined by collecting the displacement through time. This principle of elastography is based on the Young modulus using the formula: E=3ρѴ2 (E elasticity's modulus, Ѵ speed, ρ density of the tissue). The degree of tissue displacement is then used to create an elastogram. Limitations of ARFI include a small selected region of interest (ROI) (10 mm x 5 mm), it is a 1-dimensional technique, and it is unable to provide a corresponding elasticity map of the tissue. The latter also prevents retrospective evaluations of the tissue elasticity.
SWE is the newest elastography technique. It works by generating a localized radiation force that travels faster down the acoustic axis than the shear wave speed producing tiny, almost simultaneous, displacements in the tissues at all positions along the acoustic axis. The generated shear wave is shaped like a cone or fan, known as the Mach cone. An ultrafast sonography is then performed which provides a side-by-side greyscale image and color-coded elasticity map of the tissue in the ROI. The ROI is displayed in real time B-mode imaging and, thus, represents a 2-dimensional technique. Advantages include a larger, fan-shaped ROI (up to 50mm x 50mm), and the acquisition of a quantitative map of liver tissue stiffness with corresponding greyscale ultrasound image. As a result, simultaneous viewing of the selected region of interest provides better anatomic detail with a corresponding color map of the tissue elasticity which may result in more accurate scoring of the stage of fibrosis. The presence of a color map also allows for retrospective analysis.
Only a few studies have begun to use ARFI to analyze liver fibrosis in the pediatric population. Studies using SWE for evaluation of liver fibrosis are also limited and all but one have been performed in adults; however, early studies have shown it to be an accurate method for liver fibrosis staging. Tutar, et al safely performed a study using SWE in pediatric patients in Turkey. No dedicated pediatric studies have been performed in the United States, as the technology was just recently approved for use in adults by the FDA. The use of this device in pediatrics represents an off-label use. That being said, SWE has safety considerations that are similar to Doppler mode which is a standard ultrasound technology performed in pediatric patients of all ages. While it has a higher thermal index than routine B-mode ultrasound, it is measured to be within the safety limits set by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM).
