The Impact of Ureteral Stents on Peristalsis

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Patients being septic and in a life-threatening condition before or after stent-insertion
• •2. patients with tumors in a progressive state that affect the retroperitoneum (contralateral ureter might be affected and can not serve as a control for the stented side)
• •3. patients with Morbus Ormond (same reason as above)
• •4. patients requiring ureteral stents bilaterally (same reason as above)
• •5. long-term stented patients will be excluded as we are interested in evaluating the onset of changes in peristalsis rate which are expected to be most significant in an acute setting.
• •6. patients with preexisting abnormalities/pathologies of the urinary tract e.g. reflux disease, megaureter or bladder dysfunctions as these will likely affect our results
• •7. non English-speaking patients will be excluded as they will not be able to understand the letter of consents.
• •1. known preexisting pathology in the urinary tract (see above)
• •2. volunteers who underwent previous surgical procedures on kidney, ureter or bladder within the past 5 years as this may change the starting position of our study
• •3. patients currently taking an α-blocker (alfuzosin, terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, prazosin) because these medications are known to affect peristalsis
• •4. patients currently taking calcium channel blocker (verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine, nicardipine, bepridil, mibefradil) because these medications are known to affect peristalsis