Change of Airway Hyperresponsiveness to Mannitol and Methacholine in Patients With Asthma

All patients are recruited at the outpatient clinic of Allergology and Clinical Immunology of the University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland. Patients older than 18 years and younger than 65 years of age with clinically well-controlled asthma under a fixed combination of budesonide / formoterol (or equivalent) are included after having signed an informed consent form. Clinically well-controlled asthma is defined as the absence of symptoms and exacerbations during the 8 weeks prior to inclusion. In addition, documented airway hyperresponsiveness to mannitol and methacholine as well as current non-smoker status is required for inclusion. Smokers, women planning a pregnancy or pregnant, and patients with any significant illness that can interfere with the feasibility or the results of the provocation tests, such as acute asthma or severe cardiovascular disease, will not be included. At baseline, all patients will undergo a mannitol provocation test and the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) will be measured. If positive, and at least two days later, a methacholine provocation test and repeated measurement of FeNO will be performed. For standardization patients will be prescribed to standardized ICS + LABA therapy in a fixed combination with budesonide / formoterol (200 / 6 µg bid). After a two-week run-in period on this therapy, 10mg montelukast will be added for a 4 weeks treatment duration (interim visit). All patients included will attend the final visit in which provocation tests were repeated. FEV1 will be assessed by using a MasterScreen Pneumo spirometer (Jaeger GmbH, Würzburg, Germany) with filter and according to ATS recommendations. The best of three values FEV1 repeatable to within 100ml will be recorded and the percentage of predicted values will be calculated. Mannitol challenge tests will be carried out using the protocol described by Anderson et al. Mannitol will be administered as a dry powder in capsule form, inhaled from a RS01 device (Pharmaxis Ltd. French's Forrest, NSW, Australia \[Trimedal AG, Brüttisellen, Switzerland\]). An empty capsule will be used as a control at baseline. The test will be started with 5mg and increased doubling the doses up to 160mg. In case of no response at the 160mg dose, this dose will be repeated up to a maximum cumulative dose of 635mg. FEV1 will be measured 60 seconds after delivery of each dose. The challenge will be stopped if FEV1 fell by 15% or more, or when the maximum dose will be administered. The dose causing a 15% fall in FEV1 (PD15 FEV1) will be read by interpolation on the plotted dose-response curve. Methacholine testing will be done according to the protocol of the SAPALDIA Study which is identical with the protocol of European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) "method 2 short-protocol". The provocation test will start with inhalation of saline diluent, and the maximum post-diluent FEV1 will be recorded two minutes later as the control value. All solutions of methacholine will be prepared by the Pharmacy of University Hospital Bern. Methacholine will be delivered using a Mefar MB3 dosimeter (Mefar, Bovezzo, Italy) set to deliver the aerosol over a period of one second. FEV1 will be recorded 2 minutes later and in the absence of a 20% fall in FEV1 from baseline the next dose will be given. Methacholine will b e inhaled with quadrupling doses until a fall in FEV1 greater than 20% from the control value is observed or the maximum cumulative dose of 2.0 mg is reached. The dose causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PD20 FEV1) will be read by interpolation on the plotted dose-response curve. Exhaled nitric oxide will be measured with the same equipment throughout the study according to ATS guidelines by using an NIOX® Nitric Oxide Analyzer with computed biofeedback software by Aerocrine AB, Solna, Sweden. Asthma related quality of life will be assessed by applying the self-administered Juniper questionnaire at the baseline, interim and final visit. This validated questionnaire encompasses 32 items clustered in four domains: asthma symptoms, limitations in daily physical activities, emotional function, and exposure to environmental stimuli. Each item is rated by the patient on a numerical scale ranging from 1 (extreme limitations) to 7 (no limitation at all). Blood samples will be drawn at the baseline and final visit before any challenge tests, for determination of blood eosinophils and eosinophil cationic protein serum levels (ECP, Pharmacia diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden, now Fisher Scientific). Predefined parameters of interest are the changes in PD15 FEV1 in mannitol-test, PD20 FEV1 in methacholine-test, the RDR for mannitol and methacholine, the Asthma related quality of life, FeNO, blood eosinophils and eosinophil cationic protein concentrations between baseline and the final visit. Descriptive statistical analysis methods will be used. As all parameters will be normally distributes, means, standard deviations and corresponding 95% confidence intervals will be calculated with the StatsDirect software version 2.7.7, Altrincham, Cheshire, UK. For PD15-FEV1, PD20-FEV1, RDR, and FeNO the base 10 antilog will be calculated as previously suggested. The study is approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of Bern (KEK-BE 240/06), Switzerland.