Introduction:
Schizophrenia is a devastating mental illness that impairs mental and social functioning and often leads to the development of comorbid diseases. Metabolic abnormalities have historically been associated with illness such as schizophrenia. Many studies have since then provided convincing evidence for a high risk of diabetes and other glucose abnormalities, metabolic syndrome and mortality due to elevated cardiovascular risk in patients with schizophrenia. These metabolic abnormalities are of major clinical concern not only because of their direct somatic effects on morbidity and mortality but also because of their association with psychiatric outcome, such as a higher prevalence of psychotic and depressive symptoms, a lower functional outcome, a worse perceived physical health, and lower adherence to medication.
Effective pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia has been available since the 1950s. The first-generation antipsychotics had an increased risk of extrapyramidal side effects, such as dystonic reactions (example, fixed upper gaze, neck twisting, facial muscle spasms), parkinsonian symptoms (example, rigidity, bradykinesia, shuffling gait, tremor), and akathisia (example, inability to sit still, restlessness, tapping of feet).
The term "atypical antipsychotic" refers to newer antipsychotics that confer less risk of extrapyramidal side effects than traditional antipsychotics. Although newer atypical antipsychotics are associated with fewer neurologic side effects, they had a higher risk of metabolic side effects such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and weight gain. This effect is independent from the development of diabetes; the exact mechanism by which atypical agents might cause diabetes is unknown. Few drugs such as aripiprazole, sertindole, amisulpride and ziprasidone were found to have promising effect in lowering metabolic syndrome.
The study is designed to:
1. Identify safer treatment and high efficacy in schizophrenia. The efficacy of ziprasidone in the treatment of schizophrenia has been demonstrated in both short-term and long-term controlled trials. Ziprasidone has been shown to be comparable to haloperidol, olanzapine and risperidone in alleviating overall psychopathology, improving associated depressive symptoms and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Ziprasidone was generally well tolerated in these trials, with a weight-neutral profile, with limited discontinuations related to adverse events.
Ziprasidone has exhibited a low incidence of weight gain, and one analysis suggested it carries a lower liability for weight gain than other atypical agents. In an open-label study, patients whose medication was switched to ziprasidone from conventional antipsychotics, risperidone, or olanzapine exhibited improvement in the lipid profile. Ziprasidone has also demonstrated a low incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms and a low risk of prolactin elevation. It has been associated with modest prolongation (\<10 milliseconds) of the corrected QT(QTc) interval on electrocardiography(ECGs) obtained during short-term, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled trials evaluating doses of up to 200 mg/day. A study evaluating QTc intervals at maximum steady-state plasma concentrations demonstrated a 9-14-msec greater increase in QTc interval with ziprasidone than with four other atypical antipsychotics, including olanzapine . The clinical relevance of this magnitude of change is unclear. No excess risk of cardiac sequelae was observed in the clinical development program (package insert for Geodon \[ziprasidone\], Pfizer Inc., New York, 2002).
Published data regarding the efficacy of aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia indicate superiority to placebo and comparability to risperidone, in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total and Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) improvement scores. In these studies, aripiprazole demonstrated a favourable safety and tolerability profile, with little propensity for weight gain or other adverse metabolic effects.
2. Improving clinical practice This study will provide findings for the clinician to be used later in the management of schizophrenia especially prognosis of the patient. The aim is to achieve good outcome and minimising the side effects especially those causing development of comorbidity.
Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics have become first-line medications for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, in large part due to their consistently reduced association with movement disorders and comparable efficacy to conventional agents. Direct comparisons among the atypical agents are, however, limited. In contrast to earlier atypical antipsychotic agents, ziprasidone and aripiprazole share a reduced propensity for weight gain and metabolic dysregulation. Given that obesity and dyslipidemia are highly prevalent and probable contributors to the elevated rates of morbidity and premature mortality among individuals with schizophrenia, these newer atypical agents offer the potential for improved health outcomes in this population.
Obesity is a threat to health and longevity. Given that over one-third of the adults in the United States are obese, practices causing major weight gain deserve careful consideration. Obesity and weight gain have been associated with hypertension, type II diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnoea and respiratory problems, and some types of cancer (endometrial, breast, prostate, and colon). Moreover, obesity is a common concomitant of schizophrenia, and schizophrenic individuals appear to be at increased risk for certain obesity-related conditions such as type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Weight gain may also cause patients taking antipsychotic medications to discontinue their medications, which may predispose them to relapse. Historically, the extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics outweighed any non-extrapyramidal side effects. With the advent of newer "atypical" antipsychotics, extrapyramidal side effects are becoming less of a problem. For other drugs, the degree of weight gain, estimated by the random effects regression at 10 weeks, ranged from 0.04 kg for ziprasidone (not significantly different from zero) to 4.45 kg for clozapine. Among the five new atypical antipsychotics in the study (ziprasidone, risperidone, sertindole, olanzapine, and clozapine), ziprasidone had the lowest weight gain (0.04 kg) and clozapine had the highest (4.45 kg).
This study will determine whether antipsychotic-associated metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus can be reversed by switching to aripiprazole and ziprazidone. Currently there is no data available on the above issue.
