positive screen for PTSD, as determined by score on the MPSS-R

methadone maintenance for at least 4 weeks (to help ensure initial stabilization on methadone)

at least 18 years of age

confirmation of current PTSD based on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale

no psychiatric contraindications to PE (e.g., current suicidal/homicidal intent)

clear memory for the traumatic event (e.g., flashbacks or re-experiencing the event)

interest in receiving PE

agree to sign release of information for any current psychiatric treatment providers outside of ATS

agree to delay taking daily methadone dose on exposure therapy days until after session

no history of prior exposure-based therapy for PTSD

agree to audiotaping of therapy sessions

Contingency Outcomes in Prolonged Exposure