Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Inhibitor Reduces Serum Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA) Levels

Study Procedure * Male patients aged 40 years or older, having LUTS for at least 3 months (IPSS ≥ 8), a serum PSA level ≥ 4 ng/mL, without a palpable prostatic nodule will be enrolled into this prospective randomized trial to investigate whether COX-2 inhibitor can decrease serum PSA level and acts as a biomarker to differentiate between chronic inflammation and prostate cancer. * Eligible subjects will be randomly assigned to the study and control groups at 2:1 ratio. The study group will receive doxazosin 4mg every day (QD) plus celecoxib 200mg QD for 3 months and the control group will receive doxazosin 4 mg QD for 3 months. Patients will be investigated for IPSS, total prostatic volume, transition zone index, maximum flow rate, voided volume, postvoid residual, serum PSA, free PSA and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at baseline and 3 months after treatment. If the serum PSA levels remained higher than 4 ng/mL, patients of either group will be advised to receive prostatic biopsy for histopathological investigation. * The prostatic biopsy will be advised at the end of the study in both groups of patients. Ten prostatic biopsied strips will be sent to pathological department for investigating the existence of prostatic cancer. The other two strips will be stored in liquid nitrogen for further investigation of inflammatory biomarkers. Data Analysis * The efficacy evaluation will be performed on intention-to-treat populations (ITT) and per-protocol populations (PPP) datasets while the safety evaluation will be performed on ITT datasets. The primary conclusion will be made for the primary endpoint and secondary endpoint on the ITT population. Efficacy Endpoint Analysis * Net change of each efficacy item will be analyzed by paired t-test between baseline and post-treatment in the treatment group and controlled group. The net changes of each efficacy item will be analyzed by ANOVA test to compare between treatment group and controlled group. The global assessment by the patients will be analyzed by chi-square test between the treatment and controlled group. * All efficacy variables will be reported of respective point estimated and 95% confidence interval. Comparison tests will be reported of respective p value. Safety Endpoints * Adverse events will be reported by both controlled and treatment groups and by physiological systems as appropriate. Incidence of adverse events and the categories of adverse event severity between treatments will be analyzed by Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. The coding system used will be the Coding Symbols for a Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction Terms (COSTART). Changes in physical examinations will be displayed for each individual system. * All statistical tests used will be two-tailed with α= 0.05. Expected Results and Conclusion * Chronic inflammation has been considered a possible but important factor to induce LUTS and promote prostatic growth. PSA elevation is a sensitive but not specific sign for prostatic cancer. In order to reduce the need for prostatic biopsy in patients with an elevated serum PSA level, the results of this study might provide a simple way for initial differential diagnosis of chronic inflammation from prostatic cancer. If serum PSA can be reduced significantly after celecoxib therapy and the positive biopsy rate of the following prostatic biopsy is lower than the control group, we might use this treatment for the initial management of high PSA level in men with LUTS/BPH. Furthermore, if chronic inflammation of the prostate can be reduced, the bothersome of the LUTS as well as voiding condition might be improved. This result can be another benefit for men who are suffering from LUTS and worried about surgical intervention.