Using SCOUT Noninvasive AGE Measurements to Forecast Diabetes Complications

Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem in the United States and throughout the world's developed and developing nations. In 2002, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has estimated that 12.1 million Americans (4.2%) had been diagnosed with some form of diabetes \[1\], and the World Health Organization (WHO) assessed the global diabetes caseload at 173 million in the year 2000 \[2\]. While type 1 patients comprise approximately 5 -10% of the US cases \[3\], the severe morbidity in those patients including renal failure, blindness, neuropathy and micro- and macro-vascular disease motivate the search for improved techniques for monitoring disease status. Diabetes is devastating to individual health and has a significant impact on the national economy. In 2002, US economic impact related to diabetes exceeded $132 billion. Due to the numerous complications that result from chronic hyperglycemia a wide array of health services are involved. For example, between 5 and 20 percent of all US services in the areas of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, endocrine and metabolic complications, and ophthalmic disorders are attributable to diabetes. Landmark clinical trials in the US and UK have established that tight glucose control via a regimen of glucose monitoring, insulin and/or sulfonylurea or other drug therapy, exercise, and proper diet significantly reduces the progression of, and risk for, developing diabetic complications \[4, 5\]. Long-term, chronic hyperglycemia is recognized as the initiator of debilitating diabetes-related complications such as blindness, kidney failure and nerve damage \[6\]. Hence, an effective monitor for overall glycemic control should reflect the long-term, integrated glycemic insult to the body. One concept of a monitor for long-term glycemic control involves the measurement of an analyte whose concentration monotonically increases over the course of disease progression. Such a chemical marker would not vary with the state in which the patient presented on the day of the test. The process of protein glycation (or 'browning'), governed by the Maillard reaction, produces several advanced glycation endproducts that are attractive candidates for such a 'diabetes meter.' These compounds are currently assayed by invasive procedures, requiring a biopsy specimen, but, based upon initial results with the VeraLight SCOUT, they are also accessible by noninvasive monitoring.