A Study to Assess Indices of SNAP vs VISTA on Surgical Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia

Inclusion Criteria

• •Patients scheduled for surgery requiring general anesthesia
• •Open or laparoscopic procedures
• •Cases anticipated to be less than 4 hours in duration
• •In-patient and out-patient subjects
• •Patients and cases manageable with LMA. Cases manageable with ET tube are also allowed with the condition that only a minimal dose of short-acting NMBA is used at intubation and not throughout the case.
• •Local analgesia at incision site is permitted.
• •Males and Females between 18 and 65 years of age, inclusive.
• •BMI\<40 and body mass\>41 kg
• •Patients who have signed the informed consent.
• •Able to receive Informed Consent through subjects native language providing that a native language speaker delivers the Informed Consent.
• •ASA Stratification I - III
• •ASA stratification \>= IV
• •Subject is a prisoner.
• •Patients presenting with evidence of recent trauma, active infection, neurological disorder, seizure disorder, dementia or have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease
• •Subjects with cardiac or gastric pace makers
• •Pregnant women as identified by institutional SOP for female of child-bearing age
• •Patients that will not sign an informed consent form
• •Patients with previous adverse incidents with anesthesia, including awareness
• •Patients undergoing surgery on the head or neck
• •Subjects currently taking psychoactive medications as part of routine medical care within the past 7 days
• •Subjects that require and/or receive any of the psychotherapeutic agents or psychotropic drugs below, in the treatment of mental illness, and have taken such treatment within the past 7 days.
• •Benzodiazepines
• •MAOI inhibitors
• •Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• •Tricyclic antidepressants
• •Lithium
• •Neuroleptic agents
• •Central nervous system stimulants.
• •Subjects with a known history of alcohol or narcotic abuse within 6 months prior to screening OR subjects reporting narcotic or narcotic medication use with 24 hours prior to surgery.
• •Subjects requiring neurophysiologic monitoring
• •Subjects requiring TIVA
• •Subjects requiring prolonged use of NMBA beyond dose required for intubation
• •Subjects requiring ketamine
• •Subjects receiving spinal, epidural, or other nerve blocks
• •Subjects having any condition or severe illness that to the Principal Investigator's discretion would interfere with study assessments OR other severe acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition that may interfere with the interpretation of study results and, in the judgment of the investigator, and would make the subject inappropriate for entry into this study.