As the Canadian population ages, the number of hypertensive patients that have major cardiovascular events will increase, placing additional burden on healthcare resources. The positive effects of optimal blood pressure (BP) control on morbidity and mortality have been clearly established. In spite of this, data suggest that only 13% of Canadian hypertensive patients are adequately controlled. It is believed that much of this poor BP control can be attributed to: patient non-compliance; acceptance of inadequate BP control by clinicians; lower BP goals; and the fact that it is difficult to achieve adequate BP control with monotherapy in the majority of patients.
There is a recognised need to improve communication between patients and health care providers and among healthcare professionals themselves and to develop new tools to improve patients compliance. We have developed an information technology (IT)-based system to empower patients to be responsible for monitoring their blood pressure (BP) and compliance and to facilitate communication with healthcare providers. The IT-based system links with actual pharmacy prescription refill and renewal data. Using these data as well as responses to questions on compliance and BP control that patients provide using the telephone, the system: offers patients counselling and telephone reminders; generates prescription refill and renewal reminder calls; and, monitors patient recorded BP. The system generates monthly reports to the treating physician and pharmacist on compliance and blood pressure control, which we believe will help them monitor and modify therapy as appropriate. The system also links patients with a nurse if BP is inadequately controlled and/or if patients are non-compliant, who, in turn, can then provide appropriate counselling and refer the patients to their physician or pharmacist as appropriate.
The randomised controlled trial (RCT), is designed to determine if this multidisciplinary, information-technology supported hypertension management program (hereafter called "the intervention") will improve BP control. We hypothesise that the intervention will achieve this through enhanced compliance with pharmacotherapy by patients and the use of higher doses and more anti-hypertensive agents when appropriate, without adversely impacting quality of life. Additional sub-studies will be conducted to explore the perceptions patients, their families and healthcare providers have on the impact of the intervention on the process of care and to further explore the links between communication and relationship skills (CRS), compliance and health-care outcomes and to further evaluate collaborative models of inter-professional practice.
The primary outcome measure is to evaluate the impact of the intervention on the mean change in 24-hour systolic and diastolic BP levels measured using ABPM. Secondary objectives are to assess the likely mechanisms that account for the results for the primary objective by measuring: refill compliance to the BP lowering regimen, the number of dosage and/or type of medication changes over the 12-month study period and the time interval between prescriptions to initiate these changes, the number of different anti-hypertensive agents used and the number and nature of interventions by pharmacists, nurses and physicians. In addition average 24 hour and nocturnal diastolic and systolic blood pressure measurements using 24 hour continuous ABPM at 12-month follow-up; the proportion of subjects who achieve target BP according to the Canadian recommendations; the subject's health related quality of life at baseline and at 12-months; the cost-effectiveness of the system from a third party payer's perspective in terms of $ per QALY (derived from the EuroQoL) and $ per years of life gained, after modelling for long term reduction in events associated with better blood pressure control; the subject's acceptance or refusal of all or part of the IT-based reminder and blood pressure monitoring system; and, the physician's and subject's perception of the impact of the system on the process of care.
