This study is a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in liver transplant patients comparing therapy with the bisphosphonate, zoledronate, to patients who do not receive bisphosphonate therapy. All groups will receive calcium and vit D supplementation from the time patients are listed for transplantation and for 12 months post-transplantation. Recruited subjects will be 17 years or older (ie adult in terms of consent requirements).
The study groups comprise:
Group 1: Zoledronate plus calcium and vit D supplementation
Zoledronate 4 mg will be administered by intravenous infusion (details below) at baseline (within 72 h of liver transplantation), followed by zoledronate 4 mg infused as outlined below at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months post-transplantation PLUS calcium 600mg daily (Caltrate, one tablet) and ergocalciferol 1000 IU daily (Ostelin, one capsule) for 12 months post-transplantation.
Group 2: Placebo plus calcium and vit D supplementation
Placebo will consist of 50 ml N/Saline infused over 15 minutes as for the zoledronate regime PLUS calcium 600mg daily (Caltrate, one tablet) and ergocalciferol 1000 IU daily (Ostelin, one capsule). Patients with low vitamin D levels (\<60 nmol/L) and parathyroid hormone (Pth) levels above normal \>6.5 should receive ergocalciferol 5000 U daily.
Zoledronate/Placebo Infusion regime
Zoledronate 4 mg will be infused in 100 ml N/Saline over 15 minutes in patients with a creatinine level \<1.5 times the upper limit of the normal range (i.e \<165 µmol/L). Patients with renal impairment as indicated by a serum creatinine level \>1.5 x ULN will be discussed on an individual basis with the Medical Adviser of Novartis. If zoledronate is to be given, an extended infusion time may be used. Renal toxicity has been reported with rapid infusions (5 min) of 8 mg of zoledronate in patients with pre-existing renal failure. Further pharmacokinetic studies in patients with renal failure are being undertaken by Novartis to clarify this area. Zoledronate infusion should be freshly prepared and administered without delay.
The Hospital Pharmacy will be responsible for providing the infusions (zoledronate reconstituted in N/Saline or N/Saline alone), appropriately masked, for both Groups 1 and 2.
Primary Outcome Measures:
1\) Bone Density at 3 months post-transplantation
Maximal loss of bone following transplantation is seen by 3 months. Earlier data on bone loss in liver transplant patients from the RPAH unit demonstrated an average of 24% bone loss by 3 months post-transplantation. Prevention of this effect should provide a precise and early measurement of the effect of zoledronate on transplant-related bone loss. Bone density of the hip, spine, and total body will be measured by dual xray absorptiometry (DEXA) at baseline (not more than 6 months prior to liver transplantation), and 3, 6 and 12 months following liver transplantation.
Secondary Outcome Measures:
1. Bone Density at 6 and 12 months post-transplantation
The BMD assessments at 6 and 12 months will assess further changes in bone density between the treated and control groups beyond those assessed at 3 months.
2. Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism
Biochemical markers of bone formation (osteocalcin and total and bone specific alkaline phosphatase) and bone resorption (urinary collagen cross-links, N-teleopeptide and deoxypyridinoline, as well as serum cross-links, C-teleopeptide) will be assayed in serum/urine collected at baseline, and 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months following liver transplantation.
3. Fracture Events Fracture incidence in the RPAH patients has been previously reported as 17% in the first 6 months post-transplantation. The fracture rate is now probably lower due to improvements in immunosuppressive therapy. It is not anticipated that this study will have sufficient power to detect a significant reduction in fractures however fracture events will be recorded, including reduction in height of vertebral bodies at baseline and 12 months post-transplantation.
