Race, Class, and Gender--Studies of Health Effects

DESIGN NARRATIVE: The first component of the study investigated associations among discrimination, blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk factors, and used data from Exam IV (1992-1993) of CARDIA, a multi-site longitudinal study of cardiovascular risk factors among Black and white men and women. Analyses examined the association between blood pressure and discrimination based on race/ethnicity, gender, social class, sexual orientation, and religion, and took into account response to unfair treatment. To assess for effect modification, separate analyses were performed for the eight strata defined by the sampling strategy: Black/white x male/female x equal to or less than high school/more than high school. Additional multivariate analyses examined whether, within the four gender/education strata, discrimination contributed to Black/white differences in blood pressure, adjusting for relevant covariates. Other analyses explored the relationship between discrimination, response to unfair treatment, and other possible cardiovascular risk factors, including hostility, body fat distribution, lipid fractions, blood glucose, skin color, substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs), and body self-image. The second component concerned appropriate measures of social class for studies of women's health. It used data on 718 women who participated in Examination II of the Kaiser Permanente Women Twins Study (1989-1990) . Socioeconomic information existed on: adult individual and household class (which took into account the individual class position of both the respondent and her partner or head-of-household, if present), childhood household class, and class trajectory (comparing childhood and adult household class). Data on health characteristics included: blood pressure, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, lipoprotein fractions, fasting and postload insulin and glucose serum concentrations, self-assessed health status, age at first completed pregnancy, total number of childbirths, duration of breast feeding, physical activity, and smoking status. Analyses evaluated whether different magnitudes of class-based differences in these health characteristics were detected with these diverse measures of social class, using multivariate techniques that corrected for the correlation of errors within twin pairs. The effects of using these different class measures were also examined for analyses testing the hypothesis that social class was inversely related to risk of hypertension among women, adjusting for relevant covariates. The study completion date listed in this record was obtained from the "End Date" entered in the Protocol Registration and Results System (PRS) record.